March
20, 2002
Separate the romanization of each Chinese character with a space, except as directed
below. This includes corporate names, terms of address and titles of royalty.
Do not join syllables of general, non-specific geographic terms.
1. Terms of address.A term of address may follow a surname, a
courtesy name, or another appellation. Separate syllables in the term of address;
capitalize only the first letter. If a term appearing as an integral part of a
name is not a title or term of address, romanize the name in running form, as
a forename (see below).
Certain terms, such as 
(xian sheng) are sometimes used as terms of address, and sometimes as forenames
(i.e., pseudonyms or pen names). When they are used as terms of address, separate
syllables; however, when they are used as forenames, romanize the name in running
form (see Connection of syllables, section 1A).
When establishing a forename followed by a term of address, a title of position
or office, enter under the forename. Refer from the name in direct order.
![bai sha xian sheng [Chinese character]](baisha2.gif) |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Baisha xian sheng |
| Heading established as: |
Chen, Xianzhang, $d 1428-1500 |
| Give reference as: |
Baisha xian sheng, $d 1428-1500 |
| Also give reference as: |
Baisha xian sheng |
When establishing names that consist of a surname followed by a term of
address, follow AACR2 rule 22.15A by adding the word or phrase to the surname.
Separate the term of address from the surname with a comma in the heading. Refer
from the name in direct order.
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Lin lao shi |
| Heading established as: |
Lin, $c lao shi |
| Give reference as: |
Lin lao shi |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Wei dai fu |
| Heading established as: |
Wei, $c dai fu |
| Give reference as: |
Wei dai fu |
Go to Table of Contents
2. Titles, and titles of royalty. Syllables in a title should
be separated and written in lower-case. If a term appearing as an integral part
of a name is not a title or term of address, romanize the name in running form,
as a forename. An epithet is separated from the name of a person, using lower
case letters and separated syllables.
Follow AACR2 rule 22.12 when establishing names that include titles of nobility
and terms of honor. Note that this rule applies to names that consist of a surname
and a title, or a forename and a title. Names with titles will be established
as: Name, $c title. Examples of Chinese titles include: fei and gui fei.
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Dong'e fei |
| Heading established as: |
Dong'e, $c fei, $d 1638-1660 |
| Give reference as: |
Dong'e fei, $d 1638-1660 |
Headings for persons with the highest royal status are established according
to AACR2 rule 22.16A1. Enter the name in direct order.
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Cixi huang tai hou |
| Heading established as: |
Cixi, $c Empress dowager of China, $d 1835-1908 |
| Give reference as: |
Cixi, $c huang tai hou, $d 1835-1908 |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Qin shi huang di |
| Heading established as: |
Qin shi huang, $c Emperor of China, $d 259-210
B.C. |
| Give reference as: |
Qin shi huang di, $c Emperor of China, $d 259-210
B.C. |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Yang tai hou |
| Heading established as: |
Yang, $c Empress, consort of Song Mingzong, Emperor
of China, $d 1162-1233 |
| Give reference as: |
Yang, $c tai hou, $d 1162-1233 |
But:
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Tang Taizong |
| Heading established as: |
Tang Taizong, $c Emperor of China, $d 596-649 |
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3. General, non-specific geographic terms. Some terms have
both general and specific usage, depending upon context. For example, when the
term ?? refers to the direction northeast, or, in a general way, to the Northeast,
separate syllables; when it is used to refer specifically to Machuria, capitalize
and join syllables.
 |
Hua dong |
 |
xi bei |
 |
dong bei |
 |
Shan bei |
But:
 |
Dongbei lin xue yuan |
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Connection of syllables.
1. Join together (without spaces or hyphens) the syllables
associated with multi-character surnames and given names. Also join together
given names, Buddhist names, courtesy names, etc., in more than one syllable.
For example:
 |
Sun Zhongshan |
 |
Ouyang Xiu |
 |
Sima Xiangru |
 |
Nikesen |
 |
Kang Youwei |
1A. Forenames, given names, courtesy names. A forename does
not include a person's surname. Only capitalize the first letter of a forename.
If a term appearing as an integral part of a name is not a title or term of address,
romanize the name in running form.
Certain terms, such as
(xian sheng) are sometimes used as terms of address, and sometimes as forenames
(i.e., pseudonyms or pen names). When they are used as forenames, romanize the
name in running form (see Connection of syllables, section 1A); however, when
they are used as terms of address, separate syllables (see Separation of syllables,
section 1A).
There are many sorts of Chinese forenames. It is frequently difficult to
clearly divide syllables because the structure or origin of terms, or the meanings
of the characters themselves, are obscure. Therefore, to promote consistent
application and to save time, all forenames will be romanized with connected
syllables, leaving no space between them. Alternative forms of access may be
given for the form which a cataloger feels that a user might employ to find
a name (for example, romanized form, Wugangzhuren; possible reference, Wugang
zhuren)
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Wumingshi |
| Heading established as: |
Wumingshi, $c pseud. (AACR2 compatible heading) |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Wugangzhuren |
| Heading established as: |
Wugangzhuren |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Yun'gulaoren |
| Heading established as: |
Zhu, Xi, $d 1130-1200 |
| Give reference as: |
Yun'gulaoren, $d 1130-1200 |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Kongzi |
| Heading established as: |
Confucius. |
| Give reference as: |
Kongzi |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Laozi |
| Heading established as: |
Laozi |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Haoran |
| Heading established as: |
Haoran, $d 1932- |
Go to Table of Contents
1B. Married women. Separate and capitalize family names.
Connect the syllables of the forename, and capitalize only the first letter.
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Jiang Song Meiling |
| Heading established as: |
Jiang Song, Meiling, $d 1897- |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Chen Zhao, Yueying |
| Heading established as: |
Chen Zhao, Yueying, $d 1914- |
1C. Fictional characters. The names of fictional characters
are romanized in the same manner as those of real people.
 |
Luo tuo Xiangzi |
 |
Qin Keqing |
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1D. Names of persons of religious vocation. Separate a term
of address from a family name or forename. Syllables of a term of address should
be written separately and in lower case. In a heading or reference, the term of
address should appear in the $c subfield, following the surname or forename. See
AACR2 rule 22.16D for instructions on headings for persons of religious vocation.
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Huineng |
| Heading established as: |
Huineng, $d 638-713 |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Jizang shi |
| Heading established as: |
Jizang, $d 549-623 |
| Give reference as: |
Jizang, $c shi, $d 549-623 |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Zhiyi da shi |
| Heading established as: |
Zhiyi, $d 538-597 |
| Give reference as: |
Zhiyi, $c da shi, $d 538-597 |
 |
|
| Romanize name as: |
Yuanxian sha men |
| Heading established as: |
Yuanxian, $c sha men |
1E. Personal names appearing as part of the names of corporate
bodies and meetings are romanized in the same manner as all other personal names.
 |
Zhongshan da xue |
 |
"Liu Shaoqi yan jiu lun wen ji" bian
ji zu |
 |
Zhou Enlai yan jiu xue shu tao lun hui |
Go to Table of Contents
2. Join together (without spaces or hyphens) the syllables
associated with multi-character geographic names. Do not join the names of jurisdictions
and topographical features to geographic names, but separate them from the proper
name by a space.
 |
Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo shi gao |
 |
Taiwan sheng li bo wu guan |
 |
Xizang Zizhiqu wen wu guan li wei yuan hui |
 |
Dongbei lin xue yuan |
 |
Yangzi Jiang |
 |
Guangzhou Shi |
 |
Anhui Sheng |
 |
Shangqiu Diqu |
 |
Lugang Zhen |
 |
Niuyue Shi |
 |
Gannan Zangzu Zizhizhou |
 |
Cuiheng Cun |
 |
Putang Xiang |
 |
Hainan Dao |
2A. Names of countries. Connect syllables according to
the practice followed by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names on GEOnet (GNS).
 |
Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo |
 |
Chaoxian Minzhu Zhuyi Renmin Gongheguo |
 |
Zhonghua Min'guo |
Go to Table of Contents
2B. Generic terms for geographical features are capitalized
and separated from the names of the features.
 |
Hainan Dao |
 |
Taiping Yang |
 |
Chang Jiang |
 |
Changjiang Kou |
 |
Changjiang da fan dian |
 |
Fen He |
 |
Fenhe Shuiku |
 |
Fanjing Shan |
 |
Fanjingshan Ziran Baohuqu |
 |
Huangtu Gaoyuan |
 |
Yindu Bandao |
2C. Two-syllable place names, in which the second syllable
is a generic term. Separate and capitalize the generic term for the jurisdiction.
Refer to GEOnet (GNS) to identify generic terms for place names, or do so using
one's knowledge of the Chinese language
 |
Wu Xian |
 |
Qi Xian |
Go to Table of Contents
2D. Place names consisting of more than two syllables. Separate and capitalize
a generic term for the jurisdiction. Refer to GEOnet (GNS) to identify generic
terms for place names, or do so using one's knowledge of the Chinese language.
 |
Anhui Sheng |
 |
Guangzhou Shi |
 |
Gaoxiong Shi |
 |
Baoshan Qu |
 |
Lugang Zhen |
 |
Cuiheng Cun |
 |
Shangqiu Diqu |
 |
Gannan Zangzu Zizhizhou |
2E. Obsolete terms for administrative units are romanized
in the same manner as the names of contemporary places.
 |
Funing Zhou |
 |
Changping Zhou |
 |
Jinzhou Fu |
 |
Anshun Fu |
2F. Names of non-Chinese jurisdictions are romanized
in the same manner as the names of Chinese jurisdictions.
 |
Jia Zhou |
 |
Niuyue Shi |
 |
Ya Zhou |
 |
Dong nan Ya |
Go to Table of Contents
2G. Terms for archaeological sites, bridges, and other constructions
of geographic extent are capitalized and separated from the names themselves.
Individual syllables of multi-syllable generic terms are connected together. Refer
to GEOnet (GNS) to identify generic terms for place names, or do so using one's
knowledge of the Chinese language.
 |
Luzhou Changjiang Daqiao |
 |
Huangbizhuang Shuiku |
 |
Jing Hang Yunhe |
2H. Names of buildings and other constructions of less
than geographic extent. Syllables are separated and not capitalized, except for
proper nouns.
 |
Huang he lou |
 |
Sheng guo si |
 |
Penglai ge |
2I.Names of continents and regions. Generic terms are
separated and capitalized in the names of continents and regions. Distinguish
when a term refers to a region, and when it refers to direction or position.
 |
Ya Zhou |
 |
Dong nan Ya |
 |
Bei Mei Zhou |
 |
dong bei (when referring to direction or position) |
But
|
Dongbei (when referring to the particular area
formerly known as Manchuria) |
2J. Personal names appearing as part of geographic names
are romanized in the same manner as all other personal names.
 |
Zhang Zizhong Lu |
3. Join together transliterations of two or more characters
comprising the names of racial, linguistic, or tribal groupings of mankind. Join
the term zu (for tribe or people) to a name only in proper names of places.
 |
Jidu tu |
 |
Tongcheng pai |
 |
Maonan zu |
 |
Meiguo ren |
 |
Kejia hua |
 |
Miao zu feng qing lu |
But
 |
Dehong Daizu Jingpozu Zizhizhou |
4. Precede joined syllables beginning with the letters a,
o, and e with an apostrophe. Place an apostrophe between joined syllables when
the first ends with the letter n and the second begins with the letter g. For
example:
 |
Chang'an Shi not Changan Shi |
 |
Yan'an Shi not Yanan Shi |
 |
Zhang Zhan'gang not Zhang Zhangang |
NOTE: A proposal to conform to the Chinese guidelines, as put forth in
Han yu pin yin fang an, by 1) only using an apostrophe before joined syllables
beginning with a vowel, in cases of ambiguity, and ceasing the practice of writing
an apostrophe between the joined letters n and g; and 2) adding an umlaut to
the syllables lue and nue, has been sent to the ALA Committee on Cataloging:
Asian and African Materials for their approval. If the proposal is approved,
these romanization guidelines will be changed accordingly.
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(
March 25, 2002
)