Dand, Robin.
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Preface vii 1 History and origins 1 The beginning 1 Early production 5 Early consumption 7 Forastero cocoa and cocoa production since 1840 16 Prices 18 2 Agronomics 21 Classification 21 The cocoa tree 24 Climatic requirements 25 Soil 26 Methods of production 28 The plantation 30 Pruning 34 Nutrients 35 Diseases and pests 38 Harvesting and post-harvest practice 46 3 Production 54 Evolution of production 54 Recent trends - 1981/82 - 1990/91 61 Factors affecting production 66 Factor Smallholders and estates 73 Setting up 75 The historical perspective 79 4 The actuals market 81 Introduction 81 Export marketing 85 The other participants 97 The recent past 100 5 Physical contracts 102 Similarities of the contracts 102 Contract terms 104 Contract performance 115 6 Terminal markets 124 Introduction 124 Organisation of futures markets 129 Players 137 Trading techniques 141 Exchange for physicals against actuals 146 Options 147 Regulatory bodies 151 Conclusion 152 7 Consumption and stocks 153 The uses of cocoa 153 Measuring consumption 154 Factors affecting consumption 166 Stocks 174 The International Cocoa Organization and the Buffer Stock 178 Conclusions 183 8 Quality assessment of cocoa beans 185 Faults occurring in cocoa 187 Overall condition of the parcel 194 Sampling 198 The cut-test; procedure, fault definition and standards 204 Limitations of the cut-test and ideas on its replacement 209 Factors important to the butter presser 217 Factors important to the chocolate manufacturer 220 Fine and flavour cocoa 222 Achieving quality cocoa 224 9 Cocoa bean processing and the manufacture of chocolate 227 Initial processing 228 Cocoa liquor or mass 231 Methods of cocoa butter and powder production 233 Cocoa butter 235 Cocoa powders 242 Chocolate production 243 Bibliography 249 Appendix I AFCC cocoa contracts 252 Appendix II CAI, cocoa contracts 275 Appendix III CMAA cocoa contracts 290 Appendix IV Cocoa trade rules of the CSCE 310 Appendix V Cocoa contract rules and trading procedure rules of the London Commodity Exchange. 343 Appendix VI Comparison of various cocoa bean quality standards 352 Appendix VII ICCO statistics of the world summary, production and grindings 357 Index 367