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A
Index
Advertising to immigrants: of ships, 6,
102; of railroads, 94, 97, 98-99; of jobs,
70, 77; of events, 110
AFL-CIO: American Federation of La-
bor, 79, 101, 123; Congress of Indus-
trial Organizations, 108, 109; Shahn
posters for, 111
African slaves, 31, 36-37, 40, 41. See also
Wheatley; Black immigrants
Agassiz, Louis (Swiss-born zoologist),
100
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey (editor), 145
Allen, Theodore (lessee of Castle Gar-
den), 47
America, Central, settlement of, 30-31
America, North, discovery and settle-
ment of, 30-34, 92-97
America, South, settlement of, 30-31
American attitudes toward immigrants:
history of, 145-150; cartoons of, 144-
150; curiosity in, 14; sympathy in, 23,
(song) 56, 138; welcome in, 35; hostil-
ity and fear in, 47, 51, 78-79, 116, 119-
123, 127, 132, 135; contempt in, 80;
isolationism in, 134-135, 137-138; sus-
picion in, 138-139; recognition in, 140.
141, See also Press
American Protective Association, 149
American Revolution, 34, 38, 44, 63, 65,
92, 100, 123
Amish immigrants, 34
Anarchists, immigrants as: excluded by
law, 22, 123, 132; "Red Scare" of,
103, 123-125. See also Berkman; Gold-
man
"Anderson's Island" (Elks Island), 64
Andros, Sir Edmund (Governor of New
England), grant of Ellis Island to, 64
Antic, Mary (Polish-born author), 61
Antwerp, Belgium (port of departure),
9, 57, 74, 113
Arabic immigrants, 145; Mohammedans,
23
Architects at Ellis Island, 23, 69; Boring
& Tilton as, 72-73, (plan by) 72;
Frank Lloyd Wright as, 140; Philip
Johnson as, 141
Arizona, immigrants in, 31
Armenian immigrants, 61
Artists, immigrants as, 55, 100, 135. See
also Keppler; Leutze; Morgan; Saint-
Gaudens; Shahn; White
Asian immigrants, ancestors of Indians,
30. See also Chinese; Japanese
Astor, John Jacob (German-born trader),
100
Atlantic crossing. See Transatlantic
Audubon, John James (French-born or-
nithologist), 100
Australian immigrants, 54
Austrian immigrants, 8, 54, 86; from
Salzburg, 35. See also Frankfurter;
Keppler
Austo-Hungarian empire, immigrants
from, 26, 28, 70. See also Czech; Hun-
garian
B
Baggage of immigrants, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14,
20, 20, 39, 40, 42, 51, 53, 55, 58, 70,
105, 109
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de (Spanish con-
quistador), 31
Baltimore, Lord (Cecilius Calvert, 2d
Baron),33
Baltimore, Maryland: as a port of ar-
rival, 43, 53; immigrants in, 81
Baptist immigrants, 33
Barge Office: ferry landing at, 19, 20, 21,
118; as an immigrant depot, 54, 69-70,
70, 71-72, 107
Barnum, Phineas T. (showman), 46
Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste (French
sculptor), 54
Battery Park: as a resort, 44; immigrants
in, 20-21, 47, 50, 55, 107, 110, 116;
mention of, 51, 54, 69, 70, 71, 76, 107
Bedloe's Island, New York, 50, 54, (map)
62, 63, 117; hospital on, 64; fort on,
65-66
Belgian immigrants, 54
Bell, Alexander Graham (Scottish-born
inventor), 100, 104
Berkman, Alexander (Lithuanian-born
anarchist), 103, 125
Berlin, Irving (Russian-born songwriter),
105, 105
Black immigrants, 28; black migrants,
150. See also African; Garvey; McKay;
Wheatley
Black Star shipping line, 114
Black Tom explosions, Ellis Island, 116-
118
Blackwell, Elizabeth (English-born phy-
sician), 100
Boarding houses for immigrants: in
Europe, 9; in America, 43, 76, 79, 79,
97, 107, 132; Lutheran Pilgrim House,
21
Boards of Special Inquiry, Ellis Island,
21-22, 22, 24, 73, 130
Boats. See Ships
Bohemian (Czech) immigrants, 48, 54,
60, 84, 93, 97. See also Czech
Bok, Edward (Dutch-born editor), 91
Boone, Daniel (frontiersman), 92, 93
Boring & Tilton (architects of Ellis
Island), 72-73; drawing by, 72
Boston, Mass.: as a port of arrival, 43,
48, 53, 100; immigrants in, 81, 90;
police strike in, 123
Bremen, Germany (port of departure),
9, 39, 94, 115
British immigrants, 27, 70, 119, 130, 144.
See also English; Scottish; Welsh
Brooklyn, New York: mention of, 10,
102; immigrants in, 110
Brown, Ford Madox (English artist),
painting by, 57
Bry, Theodore de (Flemish engraver),
prints by, 31, 33
Bryson, Bernarda (Mrs. Ben Sheha),
111; print by, 59
"Bucking Island" (Ellis Island), (map)
62, 64
Businessmen, immigrants as. See Astor;
Carnegie; Knudsen; Salomon; Sarnoff
C
Cabin-class passengers, 9-10, 11, 12, 39,
52, (famous) 100, 125, 134; on Liver-
pool, 40; tax on, 42; Barge Office for,
69-70
Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot, Italian-
English explorer), 32
Cabral, Pedro (Portuguese navigator),
31
Cabeini, Saint Frances Xavier (Italian-
born nun), 60, 100, 100
Cahan, Abraham (Lithuanian-born jour-
nalist), 60, 91
Calais, France (port of departure), 57
California: immigrants in, 81, 94; promo-
tion of, 98-99; railroad to, 77
Calvinist immigrants, 34
Canada: Indians in, 30; exploration of,
30-32; immigrants in, 34; shipwreck
off, 41
Canadian immigrants. See Pickford
Cape Cod, Mass., as "Vinland," 30
Carnegie, Andrew (Scottish-born indus-
trialist), 39, 100
Cartier, Jacques (French explorer), 32
Cartoons an immigration, 144-150
Castle Clinton, 44, 54, 65. See also Castle
Garden; West Battery
Castle Garden: as a resort, 44, 44, 46,
46-48; as an immigrant depot, 45, 47-
54, 47-54, 56, 58, (famous immigrants
landing) 100-104; mention of, 38, 60,
69; as aquarium and monument, 21, 54
Castle Williams, Governor's Island, 67
Cathcart, Vera, Countess of, 149
Cather, Willa (novelist), 60
Catholic immigrants. See Roman Catholic
Chaplin, Charlie (English-born actor),
107
Chicago, Ill.: immigrants going to, 21,
74; immigrants in, 80, 81, 87, 95, 105;
World's Fair at (1893), 58, 105, 106
Children, immigrants as, 107
Children of immigrants: on journey, 9;
at Ellis Island, 18, 22, 23, 27, 29; in
America, 86-87, 89-91, 90, 91; labor
done by, 83-84, 84
Chinese immigrants, 23, 54, 77-78, 82,
89, 139, 143, 149; excluded by law, 52,
78, 139
Cholera, epidemic of 1892, 70. See also
Diseases
Chotzinoff, Samuel (Russian-born musi-
cian), 106, 106-107
Cigar Makers Union, 101
Cincinnati, Ohio, immigrants in, 81
Citizenship, American: colonial laws on,
38; forged, 74; granted to immigrants,
86, 89, 91, 100; withheld, 78, 139, 145,
149; Homestead Act clause on, 94,
149; jobs requiring, 135
Civil War, 49, 68, 77, 80-81; draft riots,
101
Cleveland, Grover (President), 52, 54,
120
Cleveland, Ohio, immigrants in, 28, 81
Clinton, George (Governor of New
York), 44, 65, 65
Clothing of immigrants, briefly described,
8, 10, 14, 21, 27, 86, 91, 102, 103
Coast Guard. See United States
Coleman, Samuel (painter), 55
College, immigrants at. See Schools
Colonists. See Immigration: earliest
Colorado, immigrants in, 94, 95
Columbus, Christopher (Italian explorer),
30-32; third voyage of, 31
Commissioners of Emigration of New
York State, 42-44, 47-48, 51-53, 68-69
Commissioners of Immigration at Ellis
Island, 22-24, 129. See also Corsi; Cur-
ran; Fitchie; Howe; Reimer; Tod;
Wallis; Watchorn; Weber; Williams
Concessionaires at Ellis Island, 73-74, 75,
116; railroad, 20; food and baggage,
20; dining, 23, 73
Coney Island, New York, mention of, 12,
54
Congressional investigations: of "coffin
ships" (1854), 41, 48-49; of Castle
Garden (1888), 52-53; of Ellis Island
site (1890), 54, 63; of Barge Office
(1900), 72
Connecticut, immigrants in, 34
Constantinople, Turkey (port of depar-
ture), 9, 61, 113
Contract Labor Law, 21-22, 70, 79
Convicts, immigrants as: in 1700's-1800's,
35, 38; excluded by law, 22, 42, 52;
"moral turpitude" clause on, 70, 143,
149; potential, 120. See also Berkman;
Goldman; Garvey; Sacco and Vanzetti
Copenhagen, Denmark (port of depar-
ture), 9
Coronado, Francisco (Spanish explorer),
31
Corruption. See Congressional investiga-
tions; Immigrants: abusive treatment
Corsi, Edward (Italian-born Commis-
sioner of Ellis Island), 131, 132, 134,
135; quoted, 103
Cortes, Hernan (Spanish conquistador),
31
Costumes of immigrants. See Clothing
Cravecoeur, Hector St. John (French-
born author), 35
Criminals, immigrants as: 127; excluded
by law, 22, 42, 70; in slums, 84, 86.
See also Convicts
Croker, Richard (Irish-born politician),
149
Crossing. See Transatlantic
Curran, Henry (Commissioner of Ellis
Island), 129
Currier, Nathaniel, and Ives, J. Merritt
(lithographers), prints by, 41, 46, 50
Customs: William Dyre, collector, 64;
manifests given to collectors, 41, 49;
inspection, 13, 53, 69; building, 73
Czech (Bohemian) and Slovak immi-
grants, 8, 26, 34, 48, 54, 60, 84, 91, 93,
97; Moravian (United Brethren), 34
D
Danish immigrants, 34, 54, 123. See also
Knudsen; Riis
Daughters of the American Revolution,
115
Delaware, immigrants in (New Sweden),
34, 93, 103
Delmonico, Lorenzo (Swiss-born hotel-
ier), 47
Deportation of immigrants, 11, 12, 18,
22-23, 24, 26, 70, 116, 123, 124-125,
131, 133; See also Berkman; Garvey;
Goldman; Immigration laws; Immigra-
tion statistics
Depressions, financial: (1908) 24;
(1893) 70; (1873) 78; (1929) 109,
130, 131-132, 134, 135
De Soto, Hernando (Spanish explorer),
31
Detention: of immigrants, 12, 18, 19, 22,
21-24, 27, 70, 71, 71, 73, 73-74, 103,
115-116, 124-125, 129, 130, 132, 133,
134, 138-139, 139; of enemy aliens,
118-119, 136-137; ended on Ellis
Island, 139. See also Deportation
Discrimination. See American attitudes
Diseases: in Europe, 38, 115; on ships,
11-12, 39, 42, 49-50, 51; as cause for
deportation, 12, 18, 22, 52, 70; in
America, 33, 82; epidemic, 11, 41, 42,
51, 70, 115, 127; tuberculosis, 18, 82,
134; mental, 14, 18, 52, 117-118. See
also Medical examinations; Mentally
ill; Mortality rate
Displaced Persons, 137-138, 138, 150
Doctors at Ellis Island, 14, 18, 18, 71,
117-118, 118, 126, 127, 128
Donato, Pietro di (Italian-American
writer), 60
Drake, Sir Francis (English navigator),
32
Dubinsky, David (Polish-born labor
leader), 58-59, 83, 112, 112-113
Dunker (German Baptist) immigrants,
34
DuPont de Nemours, Eleuthere (French-
born chemist), 100
Dutch explorers, 32
Dutch immigrants, 29, 34, 54, 63-64, 97.
See also Bok; Gompers; Van Loon
Dyre, William (owner of Ellis Island),
64
E
Eastern Orthodox immigrants, 86
East River, New York: docks on, 43;
immigrants swimming across, 52; de-
fense of, 65; mention of, 42, 43, 52
Educational Alliance, New York; immi-
grants at, 91, 110
Einstein, Albert (German-born physi-
cist), 58, 100, 104, 135
Ellis, Samuel (owner of Ellis Island),
64-66
Ellis Island: fishing on, 63-64, 67; early
owners of 64-67; executions on, 64,
67-68; government purchase of, 65-67;
size of, 63, 66-67, 69, 134-135; 1776
map of, 62
- fort and magazine, 50, 54, 63, 66,
67, 68
- immigrant depot: views of, 12, 126; es-
tablishment of, 54, 63, 68, 135; con-
struction and renovation of, 22, 23-24,
63, 69, 71, 71-73, 130, 132-134, (plan)
134-135, 139; crowding in, 11, 13-15,
19, 23-24, 73, 125, 127, 136, 139; im-
migrants at, 13-24, 13-20, 22-29, 27,
70-75, 71, 73, 115, 115-119, 117-120,
124-130, 127-130, 131-139, 133, 137,
139; fire in, 70-71, 107, 118; Com-
munipaw explosion at, 118; Black
Tom explosion at, 116-118; famous
immigrants landing at, 105-114; as
"Island of Tears," 12, 131; abandon-
ment of, 139-143, 140-143
- immigrant facilities, 140; baggage
rooms, 20, 20, 69; Baggage & Dormi-
tory Building, 23, 116, 118, 119, 126,
134, 135; dining hall, 23, 23, 69, 73,
118, 141-142; dormitories, 14, 24, 69,
71, 73, 111, 116, 117, 118, 125, 139;
ferry slip, 14, 69, 71, 131; Ferry House,
134; hospitals, 12, 14, 23, 69, 71, 72-
73, 117, 118, 119, 125; Immigrant
Building, 134, 135; information office,
24, 129; kitchens, 69, 73; main build-
ing (first) 69, 71, (second) 13, 29, 72,
72-73, 118, 119, 130, 131, 134, 137,
(proposed new) 126; Money Ex-
change, 19-20, 73; Post Office, 20, 73;
railroad room, 20, 73; Registry Hall
(first) 69, (second) 14, 15, 16-
17, 18-19, 19, 22, 24, 73, 115, 117,
118, 119, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139, 141,
142; roof garden, 22, 23
- national monument, 140-141
Ellis Island (ferry), 20-21, 21, 23, 116,
135, 140
"Embarkation Number One" (Ellis Is-
land), 119
Emigrant Hospital & Refuge, Ward's
Island, 42, 52. See also Ward's Island
Emigrants: defined vs. "immigrants", 54
Engineers, immigrants as. See Ericsson;
Sarnoff; Sikorsky; Steinmetz; Von
Karman
English explorers, 32
English immigrants, 27, 32-35, 38, 43, 49,
54, 57, 93, 125-126, 143; from Sussex,
40; from Staffordshire, 56; from Corn-
wall, 77. See also British Immigrants;
Blackwell; Chaplin; Gompers; Morgan;
Penn; Rolfe; Watchorn; White
Ericsson, John (Swedish-born engineer),
100
Ericsson, Leif (Viking explorer), 30
Erie Canal, 77-78
Espionage Act, 123, 143
Ethnic societies. See Societies
Europe: departure from, 7-9, 55-56, 57,
61, 106, 112, 115; life in, 7, 8, 13, 14,
27, 38, 84, 86, 87, 88, 93, 101, 102,
104, 105, 108, 111, 112. See also Im-
migrants: motives; Transatlantic cross-
ing
Exclusion of immigrants. See Deporta-
tion; Immigration laws; Immigration
statistics
Explorers of North America, 30-32
F
Families of immigrants: separation of,
11, 18, 23, 27, 79, 86-87, 115, 125;
life in America for, 88-89. See also
Children; Letters; Relatives; Wives
Farmers, immigrants as, 31, 32, 33, 34,
60, 80-81, 93-97, 96, 103; in Europe,
27, 28, 34, 38, 102
Fermi, Enrico (Italian-born physicist),
135
Ferries: to ships, 9; to Castle Garden,
53; to Ellis Island from docks, 13,
13; from Ellis Island to Manhattan,
19, 20-21, 21, 23, 59, 70, 86, 118;
Ellis Island, 21, 21, 23, 116, 135; John
G. Carlisle, 71; to railroad stations, 20
Filmore, Millard (President), 149
Film producers, immigrants as. See
Chaplin; Goldwyn; Kazan; Skouras
Finnish immigrants, 34, 93
Fires: on ships, 50, 39; at Castle Garden,
51, 54; on Ellis Island, 70-71, 117-118;
in New York City, 82, 83, 113; prairie,
97
Fish, Hamilton (U.S. Senator), 41
Fitchie, Thomas (Commissioner at Ellis
Island), 72, 75
Fiume, Yugoslavia (port of departure),
9
Flanagan, Father Edward (Irish-born
social worker), 109, 109
Florida: as port of arrival (Key West),
42, 53; immigrants in, 31, 32
Food eaten by immigrants: on journey,
7-8, 20, 39, 49-50, 106, 113; at Ellis
Island, 23, 73, 111, 126; in America,
33, 88, 88, 89, 91
Fort Gibson. See Ellis Island - fort
Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, 68
Fort Wood, Bedloe's Island, 50
Frankfurter, Felix (Austrian-born jurist),
106, 106
Fremstad, Olive (Swedish-American
singer), 60
French explorers, 31-32
French immigrants, 32, 32, 34, 35, 54,
60, 92, 97. See also Audubon; Creve-
coeur; Du Pont.
French West Indian immigrants, 28
French, Philip (co-manager of Castle
Garden), 44, 47
Frobisher, Sir Martin (English mariner),
32
Frontier. See West
Galveston, Texas (port of arrival), 53
G
Gamow, George (Russian-born physi-
cist), 135
Garment workers, immigrants as, 58-59,
82-83, 84, 103. See also Dubinsky
Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican-born political
leader), 28, 114, 114
George III, King of England, 38
Georgia: immigrants in, 34, 35; Atlanta
Penitentiary in, 114; detention camp
in, 119; lynching in, 119
German Emigrant Society, 42
German immigrants, 10, 12, 20, 26, 29,
34, 35, 43, 49, 53, 54, (song) 56, 70,
77, 84, 88, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 119, 121,
123, 129, 134-135, 136, 137, 144, 150;
Bremen newspaper for, 94; cartoon
of, 148; Russian-German immigrants,
29, 97. See also Astor; Einstein; Leu-
tze; Mann; Schurz; Steiner; Steinmetz;
Tillich; Zenger
"Gibbet Island" (Ellis Island), 64: gib-
bet tree on, 66, 68
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (English ex-
plorer), 32
Glasgow, Scotland (port of departure),
9, 39, 101
Gold, immigrants' search for, 31-33, 93,
94
Goldman, Emma (Russian-born anar-
chist), 103, 103-104, 124-125
Goldwyn, Samuel (Polish-born film pro-
ducer), 107, 107
Gompers, Samuel (English-born labor
leader), 101, 101
Governor's Island, New York, 50, 54,
(map) 62; fort on, 65-67; ferries to,
69
Grant, Madison (anthropologist), 119-
120
Great Britain, immigrants from. See
British; English; Scottish; Welsh
Great Lakes, 77, 93
Great Plains: Indians on, 31; immigrants
on, 55, 94, 97
Greek immigrants, 14, 27, 54, 61, 91,
112, 143. See also Kazan; Skouras
Greenland, colonists from, 30
"Gull Island" (Ellis Island), 63
Gypsy immigrants, 14, 26
H
Halifax, Nova Scotia (port of arrival),
41, 48
Hamburg, Germany (port of departure),
7-9, 12, 14, 18, 41, 48, 102, 106, 109,
115
Handlin, Oscar (historian), 100, 127
Harding, Warren (President), 127, 128
Harriot, Thomas (English colonist), 33
Harrison, Benjamin (President), 54, 135
Hawkins, Sir John (English mariner),
32
Hearings. See Boards of Special Inquiry;
Congressional investigations; Deporta-
tion; Detention
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 21, 113
Heiser, Christopher (co-manager of Cas-
tle Garden), 44, 47
Henry Street Settlement, New York, 90
Heriulfson, Biarni (Viking explorer), 30
Hine, Lewis W. (photographer), 27;
photos by, 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 78,
79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 90, 115, 128,
129
Hispaniola (Haiti): colonists on, 31
Hoboken, New Jersey: railroads in, 20;
Dutch purchase of, 63; immigrants
landed at, 102, 107
Hoffman Island, New York: quarantine
on, 11
Holland, immigrants from. See Dutch
Homestead Act, 94, 96, 149
Hoover, Herbert (President), 106, 132,
134
Hospitals: Bellevue, 71; Hoffman Island,
11; Marine, 42; New York City, 71;
Swinburn Island, 11. See also Bedloe's
Island; Ellis Island; Ward's Island
Howe, Frederic C. (Commissioner of
Ellis Island), 115-117, 124
Hudson, Henry (English explorer), 32
Hudson River, New York: docks on, 12,
43; discovery of, 32; mention of, 34,
63, 69, 73, 77
Huguenot immigrants, 32, 34
Hull House, Chicago, 90
Hungarian immigrants, 7, 8, 14, 20, 28,
54, 80, 143. See also Pulitzer; Szilard;
Teller; Von Karman.
Hurok, Sol (Ukrainian-born impresario),
109, 109-110
I
Illinois; immigrants in, 34, 93. See also
Chicago
Immigrant (inspectors' boat), 10
Immigrant receiving stations, 11, 43, 47,
63. See also Castle Garden; Ellis Is-
land
Immigrants
- abusive treatment of, 13,
39, 43, 48, 52-53, 71, 72, 73-75, 106,
116, 124-125, 128, 145, 149. See also
American attitudes; Steerage
- contributions by, 31, 77-84, 89, 91, 97,
100-114. See also Labor
- emotional adjustment to America of,
21, 27, 79, 84, 86-90
- hardships endured by, 27, 32-33, 38-42,
(song) 56, 61, 77-90, 94-97. See also
Deportation; Detention; Transatlantic
crossing
- motives for emigrating of, 7, 25-29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 43, 92, 134-135,
145; famous immigrants, 100-114
- physical appearance of, 14, 21, 27, 86.
See also Clothing
- In art, music, fiction, 55-61, 55-61,
110, 111, 113-114
- other aspects. See Advertising to; An-
archists; Artists; Baggage of; Boarding
houses for; Businessmen; Children;
Citizenship; Colleges; Convicts; Crim-
inals; Diseases; Engineers; Families;
Farmers; Film Producers; Food of;
Garment workers; Inspection; Journal-
ists; Land; Language; Letters to and
from; Literacy; Money; Mortality;
Music; Politics; Relatives; Religion;
Social workers; Wives
Immigration: earliest, 30-43. 92; "intel-
lectual," 100, 135; "old" vs. "new,"
70, 74, 119-120, 127, 129, (cartoon)144
Immigration laws: Alien Registration
Act, 136, 138; Chinese and, 78; colon-
ial, 38; Contract Labor, 21-22, 70, 79;
deportation under, 18, 19, 22-23, 38,
42, 52, 53, 70, 120, 123, 131, 132,
134, 135, (cartoon) 149; Displaced
Persons Act, 137-138, 143; Internal
Security Act, 138-139; literacy and,
120, 127, 149; manifests under, 11,
14, 49; McCarran and, 139, 143, (car-
toon) 150; quotas under, 127-128, 129-
130, 135, 137, 139, 143, 149; revised
(1965), 143, 149; ships and, 8, 39-40,
41-42, 48-49; stowaways and, 26; taxes
and, 42, 51, 52, 53; War Brides and, 137
Immigration Restriction League, 120,
149
Immigration statistics: on arrivals, 11,
23, 24, 38, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52,
54, 59, 70, 73, 115, 125, 131, (Ellis
Island total), 137; on deportations, 22-
23, 131; on detentions, 23, 138; and
hearings, 22. See also specific nation-
alities
Indentured servants, 41
Independence: Declaration of, 38, 110;
War of, 34, 38, 44, 63, 65, 92, 100, 123
Indians, American, 30-34, 31, 32, 55, 64,
78, 92, 93, 94, 97, 105, 149, 150; and
sale of Ellis Island, 63; on Ellis Island,
142
Inspection of immigrants: in Europe, 8,
8, 23, 70, 128, 129, 130; on ships, 11,
42, 43, 49-50, 51, 52, (fraudulent) 74,
100, 119, 127, 130; at Ellis Island, 12,
14, 18-19, 21-24, 18, 19, 22, 73, 126-
127, 128, 130; at Castle Garden, 48,
51, 52-53; at Barge Office, 69, 71-72;
on docks, 71, 119; cartoon of 149
International Ladies Garment Workers
Union (ILGWU), 58-59, 83, 89, 113
International Workers of the World
("Wobblies"), 124
Interpreters at Ellis Island, 14, 18, 19,
19, 21, 22, 22, 74; Fiorello La Guardia
as an, 19
Investigations. See Congressional
Iowa, land sold to immigrants in, 97
Irish Emigrant Society, 42
Irish immigrants, 38, 40, 42, 43, 48, 49,
53, 54, 55, (song) 56, 70, 77-79, 86,
105, 121, 143, 145, 150; cartoon of
146. See also Scotch-Irish; Croker;
Flanagan; Kearney; Saint-Gaudens.
"Island of Tears" (Ellis Island), 12,
131
Italian explorers, 30-32
Italian immigrants, 11, 12, 13, 19-23,
20, 34, 54, 60, 70, 73, 76, 80, 81, 81,
82, 84, 86, 88, 88, 89, 91, 129, 131, 136,
143, 150. See also Cabrini; Corsi;
Fermi; Sacco and Vanzetti
Italian Opera Company of Havana, 44,
46
J
Jackson, Andrew (President), 44
Jamaican immigrants, 28. See also Gar-
vey; McKay
Jamestown, Va., 33-34
James W. Wadsworth (quarantine boat),
11, 11
Japanese immigrants, 18, 136
Jefferson, Thomas (President), 93, 149
Jersey City, New Jersey: railroad station
at, 20; immigrants in, 63
Jewish immigrants, 18, 21, 25, 27, 27,
28, 29, 34, 59, 60, 60, 82, 86, 88, 89,
91, 119-120, 121, 134-135, 138, 150.
See also Antin; Berkman; Berlin; Bok;
Cahan; Dubinsky; Einstein; Frank-
furter; Goldman; Goldwyn; Gompers;
Hurok; Meyerowitz; Salomon; Shahn;
Yezierska
Johnson, Lyndon (President), 141
Johnson, Philip (architect), 141
Journalists, 91. See also Berkman; Ca-
han; Keppler; Pulitzer; Riis; Schurz
K
Kampf, Arthur (German painter), print
by, 57
Kansas: "Gieat American Desert" of, 94;
immigrants in, 97
Karlsefni, Thorfinn (Icelandic explorer),
30
Kazan, Elia (Greek-born director), 61,
113, 113-114
Kearney, Dennis (Irish-born political
agitator), 78
Kennedy, John F. (Irish-American Presi-
dent), 143
"Kennedy's Island" (Bedloe's Island),
(map) 62
Kentucky; immigrants in, 92
Keppler, Joseph (Austrian-born pub-
lisher), 91; cartoons by, 147, 148
Key West, Fla. (port of arrival), 53
"Kioshk Island" (Ellis Island), 63
Knights of Labor, 79
Know-Nothings (Native American Par-
ty), 145-149
Knudsen, William S. (Danish-born in-
dustrialist), 107, 107-108
Kosciusko, Thaddeus (Polish general),
38
Kossuth, Louis (Hungarian revolution-
ary), 44
Ku Klux Klan, 119
L
Labor: immigrants', 31, 33, 34, 48, 55,
58-59, 76, 77, 80, 81, 8V, 76-84, 89;
indentured servants', 41; famous im-
migrants', 100-114
Labor Exchange, Castle Garden, 47, 48,
51, 54, 76, 101, 102
Labor leaders, immigrants as. See Dubin-
sky; Gompers; Murray
Labor unions, 78-80, 82-83, 89, 101, 103,
108-109, 111, 112, 113, 120, 123-124,
125, 149
Labrador, Canada, explorers in, 30, 31
Lafayette, Marie, marquis de (French
general), 44
La Guardia, Fiorello (Italian-American
mayor of New York); at Ellis Island,
19; La Guardia Field, 137
Land: immigrants' desire for, 77, 80-81,
84; purchase of, 93-94, 96-97
Language barriers, 20, 27, 34, 76, 80, 81,
82, 88, 89, 97, 104, 120, 123, 145
Laning, Edward (painter), 55; mural by,
143
Las Casas, Bartolome de (Spanish his-
torian), 31
"Latin" immigrants, 120, 149. See also
Italian; Portuguese; Spanish
Laws. See Immigration laws
Lazarus, Emma (poet), 105, 143
Le Havre, France (port of departure), 8,
9, 18, 49
Letters: from immigrants, 20, 24, 31, 38-
40, 89; to immigrants, 7, 38, 48, 52,
88
Leutze, Emanuel (German-born painter),
55
Lewis, Allen (artist) woodcut by, 60
Lewis and Clark expedition, 93
Lewisohn Stadium, New York, 91
Liberty Island (Bedloe's Island), 63
Lilien, Ephraim Mose (Ukrainian art-
ist), print by, 59
Lincoln, Nebraska: immigrants going to,
20; immigrants in, 97
Lind, Jenny (Swedish singer), 44-45, 46,
48
Literacy: of immigrants, 10, 81, 89, 102;
tests, 119, 120, 125, 127, 149
Lithuanian immigrants, 91. See also
Berkman; Cahan; Shahn
"Little Oyster Island" (Ellis Island), 63-
65
Liverpool, England (port of departure),
9, 41
Lloyd, Thomas and Patience (owners of
Ellis Island), 64
Lodge, Henry Cabot (U.S. Senator), 149
London, England: as a port of departure,
41, 106; Sunset display in, 98-99
Louisiana: immigrants in, 34, 77; Pur-
chase, 93. See also New Orleans
Lower East Side, New York, 61, 82-83,
85, 88, 89, 91, 105, 106, 113, 121-122
Lutheran immigrants, 34, 35, 86, 97, 123;
and Lutheran Pilgrim House, 21
M
McCarran, Pat (U.S. Senator), 138, 150,
(cartoon) 150
McCarthy, Joseph (U.S. Senator), 138,
139, 150
McKay, Claude (Jamaican-born poet),
28
McKinley, William (President), 75
McPherson, John (U.S. Senator), 54, 68
McSweeney, Edward (Assistant Commis-
sioner at Ellis Island), 75
Maine: immigrants in, 33; as port of ar-
rival, 42, (Portland) 53
Manhattan: Dutch immigrants in, 34.
See also New York City; Nieuw Am-
sterdam
Manifests, 8, 11, 14, 19, 41, 49, 75; num-
ber tags for, 14, 19
Mann, Thomas (German-born writer),
135
Marriages: at Ellis Island, 21; in Amer-
ica, 31, 33, 88, 89
Maryland, immigrants in, 33-34, 81, 109
Massachusetts: as "Vinland," 30; immi-
grants going to, 20, 21-22; immigrants
in, 33, (Fall River) 80, 92. See also
Boston; New England
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 33
Medical examination of immigrants: in
Europe, 8, 8; on ships, 11, 42, 50, 51,
52; at Ellis Island, 14, 18, 18, 24,
118, 120, 126, 127. See also Inspection;
Quarantine
Mennonite immigrants, 34, 51, 97
Mentally-ill immigrants: detained and
deported, 18, 22, 52; on Ellis Island,
23, 117-118, 120; in slums, 86
Meyerowitz, William (Ukrainian-born
artist), etching by, 60
Military service: in Europe, 7, 29, 102,
107, 112; in America, 49, 103, (A.E.F.)
118, 121, 135
Minnesota, immigrants in, 60, 94
Missionary societies. See Societies
Missouri, immigrants in, 92, 93, 94. See
also St. Louis
Money: brought by immigrants, 7, 10,
11, 18-22, 25, 27, 42, 76, 102, 104, 107,
113; earned by immigrants, 77-84, 88-
89, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113, (cartoon)
145; exchanges, 19-20, 48, 53, 73-74
Monroe, James (President), 44
Montez, Lola (Irish dancer), 47
Montreal, Canada (port of arrival), 100
Moravian (United Brethren) immigrants,
34
Morgan, Matthew (English-born artist),
cartoon by, 144
Mormon immigrants, 94
Morse, Samuel (inventor), 145
Mortality rate of immigrants: on ships,
39-42, 49; on slave ships, 35; and
Ward's Island, 52; in slums, 82; and
suicides at Ellis Island, 131
Moslem (Mohammedan) immigrants, 23
Muir, John (Scottish-born naturalist),
100
Mulberry Bend, New York, 84-85
Murray, Philip (Scottish-born labor
leader), 108, 108-109
Music: of immigrants, 6, 7, 10, 91, 110,
123; at Ellis Island, 116, 117; about
immigrants, 56, 56, 78
Musicians, immigrants as, 100, 135. See
also Berlin; Chotzinoff; Stravinsky;
Zimbalist
Muskie, Edmund (Polish-American U.S.
Senator), 141
N
Narrows, 10, 128, 129. See also New
York harbor
Nativists. See American attitudes
Naturalization of immigrants: colonial,
38; restrictions on, 145, 149. See also
Citizenship
Navy. See United States
Nebraska: "Great American Desert" of,
94; immigrants going to, 20, 48; immi-
grants in, 60, 93, 96, 97, 109; railroads
to, 77, 94, 97
NEGRO (National Economic Growth &
Reconstruction Organization), 143
Netherlands, immigrants from. See Dutch
New England: immigrants going to, 20,
33; immigrants in, 34, 80, 149; nativ-
ists in, 120, 145
Newfoundland, Canada, exploration of,
32
New Hampshire, immigrants in, 34
New Jersey: immigrants in, 34, 58-59,
63, 93, 103; Ellis's farm in, 64; close-
ness to Ellis Island, 54, (map) 62, 63,
68, 117; claim on Ellis Island, 140;
Black Tom, Communipaw explosions
in, 116-118; railroads in, 20, 54
"New Netherland" colony, 34
New Orleans, La.: as port of arrival, 43,
53; immigrants in, 77, 81
"New Spain" colony, 31
Newspapers. See Press
"New Sweden" colony, 34, 93
New York City: immigrants going to, 20,
38, 43, 48; immigrants in, 34, 42, 55,
(song) 56, (novels) 60-61, 63-64, 79,
81-91, 81-86, 88-89, 91, 121-122, 136,
138; famous immigrants in, 101, 103,
105, 106-107, 110, 113, 114; as lessor
of Castle Garden, 44, 47; skyline
(1907), 12. See also Barge Office; Bat-
tery; Castle Garden; East River; Hud-
son River; Riker's Island; Ward's
Island
New York City Hall, immigrants married
in, 21
New York harbor, 10-11, 12, 42, 43, 44,
48, 50, 52, 54, (map) 62, 63; discov-
ery of, 31-32; fortification of, 65-67;
collisions of ships in, 128
New York Public Library, immigrants
at, 90-91, 106
New York State: immigrants in, (Am-
sterdam) 20, (Albany) 34, 78, 81, 92,
93, (Rochester) 103, (Schenectady,
Yonkers) 104, (Buffalo) 108. See also
New York City
New York State: ownership of Ellis
Island by, 65-67; control of immigra-
tion by, 42, 47, 51-52, 69. See also
Commissioners of Emigration
New York State Barge Canal, 78
Nieuw (New) Amsterdam, 34, 63-64, 64
Norsemen. See Vikings
North Carolina: immigrants in, 32-34.
33; detention camp in, 119
North Dakota: immigrants going to, 29;
immigrants in, 60, 96
"North" River (Hudson River), 63, 64,
65
Norwegian explorers (Viking), 30
Norwegian immigrants, 34, 54, 60, 97,
123. See also Rockne; Rolvaag
Nova Scotia, Canada: as "Vinland," 30;
shipwrecks off, 32, 41
Novels about immigrants, 56, 60-61
O
Ohio: immigrants in, (Youngstown) 80,
93; Ohio River Valley, 92. See also
Cleveland
Oklahoma: "Great American Desert" of,
94
Old Northwest, 78, 93
Omaha, Nebraska: immigrants in, 109;
railroad to, 93
Orchard Street, New York, 82-83, 88,
121-122
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, 145
Order of United Americans, 145
Oregon: explorers in, 31, 93; immigrants
in, 94
"Oyster Islands" (Ellis & Bedloe's is-
lands), 62, 63-65
P
Paauw, Mynher Michel (owner of Ellis
Island), 63
Padrone system of labor, 22, 79
Palmer, A. Mitchell (Attorney General),
124, 124
Patras, Greece (port of departure), 111
Patroon system of estates, 34, 63
Paupers, immigrants as, 22, 35, 38, 42;
alleged, 120. See also Immigration
laws: Deportation; Money
Pavonia colony, 63
Penn, William (English-born colonist),
34
Pennsylvania, immigrants in, 34-35, 77-
78, 80, 93, 101, 108, 123, 149. See also
Philadelphia; Pittsburgh
Philadelphia, Pa.: immigrants in, 7, 34,
81, 110; as port of arrival, 43, 53,
(song) 56, 100; railroad to, 77
Photographers of immigrants, 27. See
also Hine; Riis; Sherman
Pickford, Mary (Canadian-born actress),
107
Pietist immigrants, 34
"Pilgrim Fathers," 34
Piraeus, Greece (port of departure), 9
Pirates, hanged on Ellis Island, 64, 66,
68
Pitkin, Thomas M. (historian), 75, 130
Pittsburgh, Pa.: immigrants going to, 20;
immigrants in, 81; railroad to, 77; Fort
Pitt in, 92
Pizarro, Francisco (Spanish conquista-
dor), 31
Plymouth, England (port of departure),
34
Pocahontas (American Indian), 33
Poilpot, Theophile, Jr. (French artist),
painting by, 57
Police: American, 43, 52, 123, 124, 132;
European, 7, 22, 112, (cartoon) 146
Polish immigrants, 11, 23, 28, 34, 51, 54,
70, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 91, 97, 120, 130,
138, 143, 150. See also Antin; Dubin-
sky; Goldwyn; Salomon; Yezierska
Politics, immigrants' participation in, 86,
103, 104, 114, 121, 124, 135, 138-139,
145, 149. See also Citizenship
Polk, James Knox (President), 44
Polygamists, immigrants as, 22, 70. See
also Immigration laws: deportation
Ponce de Le6n, Juan (Spanish explorer),
31
Portland, Maine (port of arrival), 53
Portuguese immigrants, 31, 34, 54, 81
Potato famine in Ireland, 38, 55
Poverty of immigrants. See Money; Pau-
pers; Slums
Powderly, Terence V. (Commissioner-
General of Immigration), 75
Prairies: immigrants on, 60, 94, 95, 96,
97; Lewis and Clark on, 93; railroad
on, 77
Prejudice. See American attitudes
Presbyterian immigrants, 33, 34
Press: on immigrants, 23, 27, 47, 121,
145; on Ellis Island, 68, 75, 125, 127,
138. See also American attitudes
Press, foreign-language, 23, 49, 60, 86, 91,
110, 123, 147. See also Journalists, im-
migrants as
Prisoners-of-war on Ellis Island: in War
of 1812, 67; in World War I, 118-119;
in World War II, 136
Prohibition, 123, 131
Prostitutes, immigrants as, 21-22, 24, 42,
52, 116. See also Immigration laws:
deportation
Protestant immigrants, 32, 33, 34, 35, 51,
86, 93, 94, 97. See also Tillich
Public Health Service. See United States
Puerto Rican immigrants, 150
Pulaski, Casimir (Polish general), 38
Pulitzer, Joseph (Hungarian-born editor),
52, 91, 100; Pulitzer Prize, 103
Pupin, Michael I. (Serbian-born phys-
icist), 102, 102-103
Puritan immigrants, 33, 34, 149
Q
Quaker immigrants, 33, 34, 93. See also
Pennsylvania
Quarantine, 10, 11, 11, 42, 48, 50, 51, 52,
70, 74
Queenstown, Ireland (port of departure),
109
Quota system. See Immigration laws:
Quota
R
Radicals. See Anarchists
Railroads: European, 7-8, 38; American,
55, 75, 76, 77-78, 80, 94-97, 98, 108;
at Castle Garden, 48, 52, 53; at Ellis
Island, 20, 74-75, 116, 118, 129; sta-
tions, 20, 54, 86, 93, 95
Raleigh, Sir Walter (English colonizer),
32
Redemptioners (indentured servants), 41
"Red Scare," 103, 123-125
Refugees. See Displaced persons
Registry Hall. See Ellis Island
Reimer, Rudolph (Commissioner of Ellis
Island), 68, 135
Reinhart, Benjamin Franklin (painter),
55
Relatives and friends of immigrants, help
and welcome from, 7, 20-22, 24, 27,
52, 76, 106, 113, 129
Religion in immigrants' life, 84, 86, 89,
90, 103. See also Jewish; Moslem;
Protestant; Roman Catholic
Religious persecution: of Jews, 21, 27,
34, 82, 105, 119, 134, 150; of Protes-
tants, 33, 34, 35; of Roman Catholics,
33, 145, 150. See also Ku Klux Klan
Remington, Frederic (painter), 55
Restrictions, restrictionists. See Amer-
ican attitudes; Immigration laws
Revolution: American, 34, 38, 44, 62, 65,
92; French (Reign of Terror), 35;
German (1848), 43, 135; Hungarian
(1848), 44; Industrial, 38; Russian
(1905), 26, 28. See also "Red Scare"
Rhode Island: immigrants going to, 21;
immigrants in, 34
Riis, Jacob A. (Danish-born reformer),
81, 101, 101-102; photos by, 85, 91
Riker's Island, New York, 136
Riots: anarchist, 103; anti-Chinese, 78;
Civil War draft, 101; Ellis Island, 127,
128; race, 114, 119, 123; Ward's Is-
land, 52
Roanoke Island, North Carolina, 32-33,
33
Rochambeau, Jean B., comte de (French
general), 38
Rockne, Knute (Norwegian-born athlete),
105, 105-106
Rocky Mountains, 55
Rolfe, John (English-born colonist, 33
Rolvaag, Ole (Norwegian-born writer),
60
Roman Catholic immigrants, 10, 33, 86,
90, 119, 138, 145, (cartoon) 146, 149,
150; Franciscans, 31. See also Cabrini;
Flanagan
Roosevelt, Franklin (President), 106,
108, 113, 136
Roosevelt, Theodore (President), 75, 102
Roosevelt, New Jersey, 58-59, 111
Rotterdam, Netherlands (port of depar-
ture), 9
Rumanian immigrants, 14, 28
"Runners" (thieves), 43, 43, 48, 52, 71
Russian-German immigrants, 29, 97
Russian immigrants, 7-8, 14, 21, 25, 26,
28, 29, 50-51, 51, 54, 70, 82, 88, 89, 96,
97, 124-125, 130, 150. See also Jewish;
Lithuanian; Polish; Ruthenian; Ukrai-
nian; Berlin; Chotzinoff; Gamow;
Goldman; Stravinsky; Waksman; Zim-
balist
Ruthenian immigrants, 19
S
Sacco, Nicola, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
(Italian-born political activists), 111
Sailing ships. See Ships, sailing
Sailors: as stowaways, 26; early, 30-31;
taxed, 42; hanged on Ellis Island, 64,
66, 68; detained in war, 118-119, 136;
hospitalized, 125; screened, 139. See
also United States: Coast Guard;
United States: Navy
Saint Augustine, Florida: immigrants in,
31-32
Saint-Gardens, Augustus (Irish-born
sculptor), 100
Saint Lawrence River, Quebec: discov-
ery of, 32
Saint Louis, Missouri: immigrants going
to, 95; immigrants in, 81, 111-112, 147
Salomon, Haym (Polish-born financier),
100
Salzburg, Austria: immigrants from, 35
San Francisco, Calif.: immigrants in, 31,
78; as port of arrival, 53, 94
Sarnoff, David (Russian-born broad-
caster), 100, 100, 107
Scandinavian immigrants, 23, 43, 70, 77,
91, 94, 96, 119, 144. See also Danish;
Norwegian; Swedish; Viking
Schools: immigrant children in, 89, 90-
91, 91; evening classes, 7, 91, 103, 107,
110-111; colleges, 91, 103, 105, 106,
107, 109, 110-111
Schurz, Carl (German-born political
leader), 43, 91, 100
Scientists, immigrants as, 100, 135. See
also Agassiz; Audubon; DuPont; Ein-
stein; Fermi; Gamow; Muir; Pupin;
Szilard; Teller; Waksman; Engineers
Scotch-Irish immigrants, 34, 93, 149
Scottish immigrants, 27, 34, 54, 132. See
also Carnegie; Muir; Murray; Tod
Serbian immigrants, 14, 26. See also
Pupin
Settlement houses, 90
Settlers. See Immigration: earliest; West
Shahn, Ben (Lithuanian-born artist), 58,
59, 110, 110-111; mural by, 58-59
Sherman, Augustus F. (Chief Clerk at
Ellis Island), 12, 27, 118; photos by,
10, 12, 16-17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28,
29, 103, 117
Shipping lines, 8, 11, 19, 23, 43, 51-52,
69, 70, 74-75, 115, 116, 127-128, 129;
Black Star, 114; French, 7-8, 57;
Hamburg-American, 8, 14, 102; Pru-
dential-Grace, 112; Red Star, 74, 112;
White Star, 41, 109
Ships, sailing, 30-33, 30, 31, 33, 38-41,
43, 49-50, 49, 50, 94; Ambrosia, 43;
Atalanta, 49; Braganza, 68; City of
London, 49, 101; Discovery, 33; Gloria,
36-37; Godspeed, 33; Half Moon, 32;
Howard, 41; Keying, 55; Kossuth, 42;
Leibnitz, 49; Mayflower, 34; Niia,
Pinta, Santa Maria, 30; Susan Con-
stant, 33; Vineyard, 68; William Nel-
son, 50; Wiscasset, 39
Ships, steam, 6, 7, 7, 9-13, 40, 49, 50;
Atlantic, 41; Bellona, 68; Bohemia, 53;
Buford, 103-104, 125, 125; Celtic, 109;
Champagne, 104; General Black, 138;
Graf Waldersee, 109; Iowa, 101; Italy,
51; Kaiser Wilhelm I1, 73; Korona, 28;
Lapland, 112; Liverpool, 40, 40; Lusi-
tania, 115; Marsala, 106; Narragansett,
71; Norge, 107; Normandie, 57; Olym-
pic, 127; Pretoria, 29; La Provence, 7;
Saint Paul, 106; State of Indiana, 53;
Themistocles, 111; Umbria, 73; Vic-
toria, 51, 73; Vincenzo Floria, 73;
Westernland, 74; Westphalia, 102
Shipwrecks, 32, 39, 41
Sikorsky, Igor (Ukrainian-born engi-
neer), 100, 100
Skouras, Spyros P. (Greek-born film
ducer), 111, 111-112; Charles Skour-
as, George Skouras, 111
Slaves: American Indian, 31; African,
31, 36-37, 40, 41. See also Wheatley
Slavic immigrants, 14, 79, 79, 80, 120,
149. See also Czech; Polish; Russian;
Ukrainian
Slums, immigrants in, 81-84, 87-88, 84,
85-86, 87, 90, 101, 102
Social workers, immigrants as. See Ca-
brini; Corsi; Flanagan; Riis; Steiner
Societies, immigrant-aid, 10, 19, 21, 42-
43, 106, 135, 138; missionaries of, 53
Society for the Protection of Italian Im-
migrants, 19
Songs about immigrants, 56, 56, 78
Southampton, England (port of depar-
ture), 9
South Carolina; immigrants in, 34
South Dakota: immigrants going to, 93;
immigrants in, 60, 96
Spanish explorers, 30-31, 31
Spanish immigrants, 30-32, 34, 54, 119
Spellman, Francis (Cardinal), 138
Staten Island, New York, 10, 11, 42, 50,
63, 68
Statistics of arrivals, departures. See Im-
migration statistics
Statue of Liberty, 10, 12, 54, 59, 112,
128, 141, 143
Steamships. See Ships, steam
Steerage, 6, 7, 9-12, 39, 39-41, 49-51,
57, 74, 74; definition of, 40; famous
immigrants in, 100-114
Steiner, Edward (German-born reform-
er), 73-74
Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (German-
born engineer), 58, 104, 104-105
Steuben, Friederich, Baron von (Prus-
sian general), 38
Story, Enoch and Mary (owners of Ellis
Island) 64
Stowaways at Ellis Island, 26, 26, 131
Stravinsky, Igor (Russian-born com-
poser), 100
Strikes: coal, 78-79, 108; garment, 82,
112; steel, 109, 123, 123. See also
Labor unions
Sunset magazine, 98-99
Sweatshops, 83, 84
Swedish immigrants, 21-22, 34, 43, 54,
58, 60, 77, 93, 97, 105, 123. See also
Ericsson
Swinburn Island, New York: quarantine
on, 11
Swiss immigrants, 54, 102, 103. See also
Agassiz; Delmonico
Syrian immigrants, 89
Szilard, Leo (Hungarian-born physi-
cist), 135
T
Taft, William Howard (President), 120
Tammany Hall, 149
Taxes on immigrants, 42, 51-53, 138
Teller, Edward (Hungarian-born physi-
cist), 135
Tenements, 86, 87, 102; design of, 81-82;
work in, 83-84, 84; Tenement House
Commission on, 81. See also Slums
Texas: as port of arrival (Galveston),
53; land sold to immigrants in, 94
Tillich, Paul (German-born theologian),
135
Tocqueville, Alexis de (French writer),
25
Tod, Robert E. (Scottish-born Commis-
sioner of Ellis Island), 128, 129
Tompkins, Daniel (Governor of New
York), 67-68
Trains: "emigrant," 7-8, 93, 94-95, 95,
97; "Deportation Special," 131. See
also Railroads
Transatlantic crossing: by ship, 6, 7,
9-10, 27, 30-31, (slaves) 36-37, 39,
38-42, 49, 49-51, 74, 102, 106, 109,
113, 128, 135; by air, 137. See also
Shipping lines; Ships
Transcontinental railroad, 77-78, 94, 97;
"Deportation Special," 131
Triangle Waist Co., fire, 83, 113
Truman, Harry (President), 137-138,
143
Turkish immigrants, 27, 54, 61, 144
'Tween-decks, 36-37, 39, 40. See also
Steerage
Tyler, John (President), 44
U
Udall, Stewart (Secretary of Interior),
141
Ukrainian immigrants, 8, 117. See also
Hurok; Meyerowitz; Sikorsky
Ulrich, Charles F. (German-American
artist); painting by, 58
Union of Russian Peasant Workers of
America, 124
Unions, labor. See Labor unions
United Kingdom, immigrants from. See
British; Irish
United Mine Workers, 80, 108
United States: Army, use of Ellis Island,
66-68, 118-119; Budget Bureau, 135;
Coast Guard, 131, 135, 137, 143; Com-
merce & Labor Dept., 10, 22; Federal
Bureau of Investigation, 136; General
Services Administration, 139-140, 141;
House Committee on Un-American
Activities, 138; Immigration Bureau,
54, 70, 72, 75; Immigration Service,
119, 130, 132, 139; Immigration &
Naturalization Service, 136, 137; Jus-
tice Dept., 119, 138; Labor Dept.,
101, 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 138;
National Park Service, 32, 137, 141;
Navy, use of Ellis Island, 54, 67-68,
119; Public Health Service, 11, 14,
50, 118, 128, 130; Senate Appropria-
tions Committee, 139; Treasury Dept.,
52-54, 63, 69-70, 138; War Dept., 65,
67, 68, 109, 118; Works Progress Ad-
ministration, 56, 134
United Steel Workers, 108-109
Universal Negro Improvement Associa-
tion, 114
Utah: Mormons going to, 94; railroad
to, 77-78
V
Vanderbilt, Cornelius (railroad mag-
nate), 47
Van Loon, Hendrik (Dutch-born writer),
100
Verrazano, Giovanni de (Italian ex-
plorer), 31-32
Vespucci, Amerigo (Italian navigator),
31
Viking explorers and colonizers, 30
Vincent, Charles (French engineer), 65
"Vinland," 30
Virginia: immigrants in, 32-33, 33, 92;
railroad to, 74
Visitors to United States: inspected on
ships, 11; detained, deported, 131,
138, (sailors) 139; excluded, 149
Von Karman, Theodore (Hungarian-
born engineer), 135
W
Wadsworth, Major Decius (Army en-
gineer), 66-67
Wagon trains, 55, 92, 94; Conestoga
wagons, 93
Waksman, Selman (Russian-born micro-
biologist), 100
Wallis, Frederick (Commissioner of Ellis
Island), 126, 127, 128
War: as cause of emigration, 57, (car-
toon) 147; Civil, 49, 68, 77, 80-81;
Napoleonic, 38, 44; Russo-Japanese,
26; Spanish-American, 75; Spanish
Civil, 104; Thirty Years, 33; Vietnam,
143; of 1812, 44, 66-68; of Indepen-
dence, 34, 38, 44, 63, 65, 92, 100, 123;
World War I, 24, 101, 103, 115-123,
149; World War II, 57, 100, 108, 112,
134-137, 138
War brides, 137. See also Immigration
laws
Ward's Island, New York, 42, 47-48,
51-52, 68
Washington, George (President), 145
Washington state: immigrants in, 97,
(Seattle), 124
Watchorn, Robert (English-born Com-
missioner of Ellis Island), 23-24
Waugh, Samuel Bell (artist): panorama
of Battery by, 55
Weber, Col. John B. (Commissioner of
Ellis Island), 70
Webster, Daniel (orator), 94
Weidman, Jerome (novelist), 61
Welsh immigrants, 27, 34, 54, 77
West, American, 55, 80, 92-97, 92-99;
promotion of, 98-99
West Battery, 44, 65, 67. See also Castle
Clinton
Westervelt family (owners of Ellis Is-
land), 65
West Indian immigrants, 28. See also
Garvey
Wheatley, Phillis (African-born poet),
100
White, John (English-born colonist), 32;
drawing by, 33
Williams, Col. Jonathan (Army engi-
neer), 67, 69
Williams, William (Commissioner of
Ellis Island), 14, 26, 75
Wilson, Woodrow (President), 115, 120,
127, 128
Wisconsin; immigrants in, 93-94
Wives of immigrants, 7, 8, 11, 19, 21-22,
86, 87, 87-89; separated, 79, 86; labor
done by, 79, 82-84, 84; See also Chil-
dren; Families
Wright, Frank Lloyd (architect), 140
Writers, immigrants as, 60-61, 100, 135.
See also Crevecoeur; Goldman; Mann;
Pupin; Van Loon; Wheatley; Yexiersa
"Yellow Peril," 149. See also Chinese
Y
Yezierska, Anzia (Polish-born writer),
61
Yugoslavian immigrants, 26. See also
Serbian
Z
Zenger, John Peter (German-born prin-
ter), 100
Zimbalist, Efrem (Russian-born violin-
ist), 107
160
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