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Contents Acknowledgments viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Imagining China: Early Nineteenth-Century Writings and Musical Productions 16 Nineteenth-Century American and European Writers 20 Exceptions 29 Early-American Visions of China in Music 34 Chapter 2: Towards Exclusion: American Popular Songs on Chinese Immigration, 1850-1882 53 The Creation of "John Chinaman" 57 Bret Harte's "Heathen Chinee" 69 Yellowface 73 "Peculiar" Cultural Practices and Chinese Exclusion 81 Chapter 3: Chinese and Chinese Immigrant Performers on the American Stage, 1830s-1920s 101 Human Curiosities 103 Chinese Immigrants and Music in Public and Private Spaces 119 Chinese Theaters 127 World Expositions 143 Chapter 4: The Sounds of Chinese Otherness and American Popular Music, 1880s-1920s 154 Transcriptions of Chinese Music 157 Musical Representations 169 Chapter 5: From Aversion to Fascination: New Lyrics and Voices, 186 1880s-1920s Yellowface and its Codification 190 China, Chinatowns, and Racialized Space 196 The Arrival of China Doll and Ming Toy 204 African Americans and New Racializations 216 Chapter 6: The Rise of Chinese and Chinese American Vaudevillians, 1900s-1920s 223 Openings 238 Types of Acts 246 Conclusion 263 Appendix A 274 Appendix B 298 Notes 303 Index About the Author Illustrations Illustration 1: Portrait of Lee Tung Foo in a Chinese Costume 2 Illustration 2: "Moo-Lee-Chwa" (1796) by Karl Kambra and Dr. Scott 36 Illustration 3: Charles Towner and Bret Harte's "The Heathen Chinee" (1870) 72 Illustration 4: Backus Minstrels Playbill, California Theater, San Francisco 78 Illustration 5: Portrait of Ackland Von Boyle from the New York Dramatic Mirror (January 31, 1880) 79 Illustration 6: Afong Moy Broadside, North American Hotel, New Orleans 108 Illustration 7: Portrait of Yut Gum from the New York World (June 21, 1896) 139 Illustration 8: Introduction from Lee Johnson's "Chinese Highbinder Patrol" (1897) 173 Illustration 9: William Furst's "A Chinese Ballad" (1897) published in the New York Tribune 174 Illustration 10: "Ballad" from J. A. Van Aalst's Chinese Music 175 Illustration 11: J. S. Zamecnik's "Chinese Music" (1913) 177 Illustration 12: "Chinese Popular Air No. 1" (1805) from John Barrow's Travels in China 178 Illustration 13: William Jerome and Jean Schwartz's "Chinatown, My Chinatown" (1910) 179-81 Illustration 14: Willard Robison's "Up and Down in China" (1926) 183-85 Illustration 15: Female Hairstyles from the libretto of Yellow Jacket 193 Illustration 16: Backdrop from the libretto for The Yellow Jacket 195 Illustration 17: Portrait of Fay Bainter as Ming Toy from the sheet music cover of Bower's "Chinese Lullaby" (1919) 210 Illustration 18: Roy Turk, Bert Grant, & Cecil Arnold's "Ming Toy" (1919) 212 Illustration 19: Alex Rogers and Bert A. William's "Chink Chink Chineeman" (1909) 226-29 Illustration 20: Cook and Stevens Advertisement from The New York Age (December 24, 1908) 230 Illustration 21: Portrait of Chee Toy from a Sheet Music Cover 242 Illustration 22: Portrait of Chung Hwa Comedy Four in Tuxedos 247 Illustration 23: Portrait of Jue Quon Tai 249 Illustration 24: Portrait of Lady Tsen Mei from a Sheet Music Cover 250 Illustration 25: Portrait of Lee Tung Foo in a Scottish Costume 260
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Popular music United States History and criticism, Chinese Americans Music History and criticism