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Table of Contents Part One Introduction to Reform Chapter 1 The Raise of the Issue of Reform 1.1 The Establishment of a Soviet-Style Socialist System 1. Lenin's Assumption Before the Revolution and Soviet Russia's Early Practice 2. The Establishment of Stalin's System 1.2 An Economic Analysis of the Centrally-Planned Economic System 1. Neoclassical Economists' Theoretical Demonstration of the Feasibility of a Planned Economic System 2. The Debate on Socialism Among Western Economists in the 1920s and 1930s 3. The Reexamination of Planned Economy in the Late Twentieth Century 1.3 Reform in the Soviet Union and Eastern European Socialist Countries 1. The Effort of the Soviet Union to Improve the Economy and Its Failure 2. Self-Management Socialist Reform in Yugoslavia 3. The Gradual Reform in Hungary 4. The Four Rounds of Reform in Poland 5. The Aborted Reform in Czechoslovakia 6. The Transition of Russia and Eastern European Countries to Market Economies Under New Political Systems 1.4 The Establishment of the Chinese Planned Economic System and the Raise of the Issue of Reform 1. The Establishment of the Centrally-Planned Economic System in China 2. The Raise of the Issue of Reform in China Chapter 2 The Evolution of China's Reform Strategy 2.1 Administrative Decentralization (1958 to 1978) 1. The Establishment of the Policy of Delegating Power to and Sharing Profits with Local Governments 2. The Implementation of the Policy of Transferring Administrative Functions to Lower Levels 3. Disorder Caused by Transferring Administrative Functions to Lower Levels and Its Remediation 4. An Economic Analysis of Administrative Decentralization 2.2 Incremental Reform (1979 to 1993) 1. The Emergence of the Strategy of Incremental Reform 2. The Shift of the Focus of Reform from "Inside the System" to "Outside the System" 3. The All-Round Implementation of Incremental Reform 4. The Emergence of the Dual-Track System 5. The Negative Outcomes of the Long-Time Practice of Incremental Reform 2.3 Strategy of "Overall Advancement" (1994 to Present) 1. The Attempt at Changing Reform Strategy and Launching All-Round Reform in 1984-1986 2. The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CCCPC Started a New Era of Overall Advancement of Reform 3. In-Depth Development of the Strategy of Overall Advancement Part Two Reform in Different Sectors Chapter 3 Rural Reform 3.1 The Agricultural Operation System Before the Contracting System Reform 1. From Cooperatives to People's Communes 2. Basic Conditions in Rural China Before Reform 3.2 The Implementation and Economic Effects of "Contracting Output Quota to Each Household" 1. The Three Ups and Downs of "Contracting Output Quota to Each Household" Before 1976 2. Quick Spread of the Household Contracting System 3. Economic Results of the Household Contracting System 4. Reform of Property Rights by the Contracting System 5. Impact on the Development of TVEs 3.3 Existing Problems and Prospects for Further Reforms 1. Reforming Agricultural Products Procurement and Distribution System 2. Improving the Land System 3. Alleviating Burden on Farmers 4. Solving Contradictions Between Small Farmers and Big Markets 5. The Issue of the Transfer of Rural Surplus Laborers Chapter 4 Reform of State-Owned Enterprises 4.1 Enterprise System of Traditional SOEs and Reform with the Main Theme of Power Delegating and Profit Sharing 1. Major Features of the Enterprise System of Traditional SOEs 2. Reform with the Main Theme of Power Delegating and Profit Sharing 3. Essence of the Reform of Power Delegating and Profit Sharing 4. Achievements and Deficiencies of the Reform of Power Delegating and Profit Sharing 4.2 Corporatization of Large SOEs 1. Progress in Corporatization of Large SOEs 2. Governance Problems of Transformed Corporations 4.3 Further Reform Measures to Be Taken 1. Further Lowering the Proportion of State Equity Shares 2. Strengthening the Internal Control Systems of Large Enterprises 3. Overcoming Defects of Insider Control and Instituting Checks and Balances Between the Owner and the Management 4. Bringing the SASAC into Play to Exercise Shareholder Rights in Accordance with the Law 5. Learning from International Experience and Strengthening Corporate Governance Chapter 5 Development of Non-State Sectors 5.1 The Blind Worship of State Ownership and Its Breakdown 1. The Establishment of the Dominance of State Ownership in China 2. Practice of the Reform and Opening up Continuously Breaking the Restrictions of Traditional Ownership Theory 3. The Debate over Ownership and the Establishment of the Guiding Principle of "Allowing Diverse Forms of Ownership to Develop Side by Side" 5.2 The Layout Readjustment of the State Sector: Advancing in Some Areas While Retreating in Others 1. The Guiding Principle for the Layout Readjustment of the State Sector 2. Letting Go of and Invigorating Small and Medium SOEs 5.3 The Emergence of a Diverse Ownership Structure with Multiple Forms of Ownership Developing Side by Side 1. The Rapid Development of Non-State Sectors 2. The Emergence of a Diverse Ownership Structures with Multiple Forms of Ownership Developing Side by Side in Some Regions 5.4 Impediments to Further Development of Non-State Sectors 1. Improving the Business Environment of Non-State Sectors 2. Enhancing Support to Small and Medium Enterprises 3. Relying on Non-State Enterprises to Develop High-Tech Industries 4. Non-State Enterprises Should Make Even Greater Endeavors Chapter 6 Reform of the Banking System and Development of the Securities Market 6.1 The Concepts of "Money" and "Finance" in a Planned Economy 6.2 The Banking Reform in the 1990s and Future Directions 1. Major Problems in China's Banking System Before the 1994 Reform 2. The Progress of the Banking Reform Since 1994 3. New Challenges for the Banking Reform in the New Millennium 6.3 The Development of China's Money Market 1. The Current Situation of China's Money Market and Its Problems 2. The Further Development of China's Money Market 6.4 The Development and Improvement of the Securities Market 1. The Development of China's Securities Market Since the Reform and Opening up 2. Problems in China's Securities Market and Proposed Solutions Chapter 7 Reform of the Fiscal and Taxation System 7.1 Government Finance in a Planned Economy 7.2 Fiscal and Taxation Reform from 1980 to 1993 1. Change in the Financial Relations Between the Central Government and Local Governments 2. Change in the Financial Relations Between the Government and Enterprises 3. Institutional Defects of the Fiscal Responsibility System 7.3 All-Round Reform of the Fiscal and Taxation System in 1994 1. Main Requirements of the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CCCPC for Fiscal and Taxation System Reform 2. The Tax-Sharing System for Fiscal Budget 3. Basic Requirements of the Taxation System Reform 7.4 Reform of the Fiscal and Taxation System After 1994 1. Straightening Out "Extra-Budgetary Revenue" 2. Further Improving the Tax-Sharing System 3. Realizing the Transition Towards Public Finance System Proposals for New Reform Measures Chapter 8 Opening to the Outside World 8.1 The Evolution of China's Foreign Economic Relations and Development Strategy 1. 1949-1971: Self-Seclusion 2. 1972-1978: Import Substitution 3. 1978-2001: Combination of Export Orientation and Import Substitution 4. After Accession to the WTO in 2002: An Open Economy 8.2 The Spatial Evolution of Opening to the Outside World 1. Establishing Bases for Opening to the Outside World in the 1980s 2. Expanding the Regions Opened to the Outside World in the 1990s 3. Development Prospects of Special Economic Zones 8.3 Foreign Direct Investment 1. Growth and Characteristics of Foreign Direct Investment in China 2. Promoting the Growth of Local Enterprises 8.4 The Development of Import and Export Trade 1. The Process of the Structural Reform in Foreign Trade Sector 2. The Development of Foreign Trade 3. Problems Demanding Immediate Solutions 8.5 Prospect of China's Opening to the Outside World 1. Accession to the WTO Is a New Milestone in China's Opening to the Outside World 2. China Will Enter a New Era of All-Round Opening to the Outside World 3. Active Participation in Regional Economic Cooperation Part Three Macroeconomic and Social Issues Chapter 9 Establishment of a New Social Security System 9.1 The Social Security System Before Reform and the Reform Plan of the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CCCPC 1. The Establishment of a Social Security System in China 2. Drawbacks of the Traditional Social Security System 3. Targets for Social Security System Reform Established by the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CCCPC 4. Suggestions of the World Bank on Pension Reform 9.2 The Implementation of the Reform and Its Problems 1. Pension Insurance Reform 2. Medical Insurance System Reform 3. Unemployment Insurance 4. Minimum Living Guarantee System 5. Rural Social Security Chapter 10 Macroeconomic Policies in the Transitional Period 10.1 Macroeconomic Issues and Macroeconomic Policies 10.2 Inflation Between 1979 and 1993 1. Inflation Is a Common Problem in Transitional Period 2. Four Rounds of Overheated Economy and Changes in Macroeconomic Policies Between 1980 and 1994 10.3 Deflation and Remedial Policies Between 1997 and 2002 1. Causes of Insufficient Aggregate Demand 2. Policies to Increase Domestic Demand and Their Effect 3. Change in Macroeconomic Situation 10.4 Short-Term Problems and Mid- and Long-Term Risks in China's Economy 1. The Root Cause of the Problems in the Chinese Financial System Was the High Input and Low Efficiency of the Economy 2. Essential Measures Needed to Avoid a Crisis Chapter 11 Social Relations and Government Functions in the Transitional Period 11.1 Social Contradictions in the Transitional Period 1. The Transitional Period Was a Period in Which Social Relations Were Under Great Tension 2. Social Contradictions During China's Transitional Period 11.2 Constructing a Good Market Economy 1. Different Attitudes Towards Reform 2. Maintaining Social Justice Was an Acute Problem in the Transitional Period 11.3 Government Functions in Economic Transition 1. The Important Functions of the Government in the Transitional Process 2. The Necessity of Change in Government Functions 11.4 Active Promotion of Political Reform 1. The Necessity of Political Reform 2. Major Contents of Political Reform 3. Nurturing a Civil Society and Improving the Self-Organizing Ability of the Society Part Four Brief Conclusion Chapter 12 Concluding Remarks 12.1 Economic and Political Goals Becoming Increasingly Clear in the Process of Reform 12.2 Promoting Reform and Comprehensively Improving Socialist Market Economic System List of Supplements Insights Insight 1.1 Socialist Model in the Early Days of the Soviet Union Insight 1.2 On the Basic Economic Characteristics of Socialism: the Soviet Textbook Political Economy Insight 1.3 Brus' Decentralized Model Insight 1.4 On the Ten Major Relationships by Mao Zedong Insight 2.1 The Beginning of China's Reform Economics Insight 2.2 The Third Plenary Session of the 12th CCCPC and Decision of the CCCPC on Reform of the Economic Structure Insight 2.3 Debate on Reform Strategy of 1986 Insight 2.4 The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CCCPC and Decision on Issues Regarding the Establishment of a Socialist Market Economic System Insight 2.5 The 15th National Congress of the CPC and Jiang Zemin's Report Insight 3.1 The People's Communes Campaign Insight 3.2 Contract of Farmers in Xiaogang Village, Fengyang County, Anhui Province Insight 4.1 Managerial Rights Prescribed in Regulations on Transforming the Management Mechanism of Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People Insight 4.2 Enterprise Law of 1988 and Its Impacts on Company Law of 1993 Insight 5.1 The Reform of Small and Medium Enterprises in Zhucheng and Shunde Insight 6.1 The Banking Reform Plan Approved by the Third Plenary, Session of the 14th CCCPC Insight 6.2 China's Commitment to Open the Banking Sector upon Entry into the WTO Insight 6.3 "Big Debate on the Stock Market" in Early 2001 Insight 7.1 Public Goods and Public Finance Insight 8.1 The Experience of Suzhou Industrial Park Insight 9.1 Basic Principles of the Social Security System Established by the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CCCPC Insight 11.1 Deng Xiaoping's View on the Reform of the System of Party and State Leadership Tables Table 1.1 Annual Growth Rate of the Soviet Economy (%) Table 1.2 Changes in Productivity in the Soviet Union (%) Table 2.1 Gross Value of Industrial Output by Ownership (%) Table 2.2 Total Retail Sales by Ownership (%) Table 2.3 Degree of Openness of China's Economy (%) Table 2.4 Economic Growth During 1978-1990 Table 2.5 GDP by Ownership (%) Table 3.1 Gross Output Value of Farming, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery (Unit: RMB Billion) Table 3.2 Per Capita Annual Total Income and Annual Net Income of Rural Households (Unit: RMB) Table 3.3 Number of TVEs and TVE Employment (thousand unit/thousand people) Table 5.1 Shares of Non-State Sectors in Investment and Employment (%) Table 5.2 Economic Growth in Zhejiang (year-on-year growth, %) Table 5.3 Economic Growth in Jiangsu (year-on-year growth, %) Table 5.4 Economic Growth in Guangdong (year-on-year growth, %) Table 6.1 Real Interest Rate of Loans of State Banks (1985 1989) Table 6.2 The Financing Structure of Chinese Enterprises (RMB billion, %) Table 7.1 Fiscal Revenue, Expenditure and Deficit as Percentages of GDP (ÿ) Table 7.2 Central Government Fiscal Revenue as Percentages of Total Fiscal Revenue and GDP (%) Table 7.3 Fiscal Revenue and Deficit as Percentages of GDP Table 8.1 China's Share in Total World Trade Volume Table 8.2 China's FDI by Origin (US$ billion) Table 8.3 Sector Distribution of Foreign-Invested Enterprises at the End of 2001 Table 8.4 Reduction in the Average Statutory Tariff Rate in China Table 8.5 Trade Dependence Ratio of the Chinese Economy (% of GDP) Table 8.6 China's Export Merchandise Mix Table 10.1 Price Indices Since 1978 (year-to-year growth, %) Table 10.2 China's Macroeconomic Situation During 1978-1983 (year to year, %) Table 10.3 China's Macroeconomic Situation During 1983-1986 (year to year, %) Table 10.4 China's Macroeconomic Situation During 1986-1991 (year to year, %) Table 10.5 China's Macroeconomic Situation During 1992-1996 (year to year, %) Table 10.6 Growth of Investment in Fixed Assets by Sector (year to year, %) Table 10.7 China's Macroeconomic Situation During 1997-2002 (year to year, %) Table 11.1 Standard of Poverty Line and Rural Poverty Reduction in China (1990-1998) Figures Figure 5.1 Non-State Sectors Speeding Up Economic Growth (2000) Figure 6.1 Financial Institutions in China in the Early 1990s Figure 6.2 Monthly Chart of the Composite Index of Shanghai Stock Exchange (from January 1999 to January 2003) Figure 8.1 Foreign Direct Investment in China (US$ billion) Figure 8.2 Growth of China's Foreign Trade (1978-2001) Figure 10.1 Growth of Total Investment of Society in Fixed Assets (in real terms) Figure 10.2 Rapid Growth of Loans Figure 10.3 Increase in ICOR in China Figure 11.1 Ratio of Per Capita Disposable Income of Urban Households to Per Capita Net Income of Rural Households in China
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
China -- Economic policy.
China -- Economic conditions.