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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Part I: Petroleum Technology Chapter 1: Definitions, and Terminology 1.0 The Environment 2.0 Petroleum 2.1 Classification 2.1.1 Chemical Composition 2.1.2 Correlation Index 2.1.3 Density 2.1.4 Carbon Distribution 2.1.5 Viscosity-Gravity Constant 2.1.6 UOP Characterization Factor 3.0 Petroleum Products 3.1 Classification 3.2 Boiling Range 3.3 Environmental Behavior 4.0 Refinery Waste 4.1 Chemical Characteristics 4.2 Environmental Behavior 6.0 References Chapter 2: Composition and Properties 1.0 Composition 1.1 Elemental Composition 1.2 Chemical Composition 1.3 Composition By Volatility 1.4 Composition By Fractionation 2.0 Properties 2.1 Density And Specific Gravity 2.2 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis 2.3 Fractionation By Chromatography 2.4 Liquefaction And Solidification 2.5 Metals Content 2.6 Spectroscopic Properties 2.6.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 2.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 2.6.3 Mass Spectrometry 2.6.4 Other Techniques 2.7 Surface And Interfacial Tension 2.8 Viscosity 2.9 Volatility 3.0 References Chapter 3: Refinery Products and By-Products 1.0 Refinery Products 1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1.2 Naphtha, Gasoline, And Solvents 1.3 Kerosene And Diesel Fuel 1.4 Fuel Oil 1.5 Lubricating Oil 1.6 White Oil, Insulating Oil, Insecticides 1.7 Grease 1.8 Wax 1.9 Asphalt 1.10 Coke 2.0 Petrochemicals 3.0 Refinery Chemicals 3.1 Alkalis 3.2 Acids 3.3 Catalysts 3.3.1 Demet 3.3.2. Met-X 4.0 References Chapter 4: Refinery Wastes 1.0 Process Wastes 2.1 Desalting 2.2 Distillation 2.3 Visbreaking And Coking 2.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking: 2.5 Hydrocracking And Hydrotreating 2.6 Alkylation 2.7 Catalytic Reforming 2.8 Isomerization: 2.9 Deasphalting, Solvent Extraction, Dewaxing 1.0 Entry Into The Environment 2.1 Storage And Handling Of Petroleum Products 2.2 Release Into The Environment 2.2.1 Dispersion 2.2.2 Dissolution 2.2.3 Emulsification 2.2.4 Evaporation 2.2.5 Leaching 2.2.6 Sedimentation Or Adsorption 2.2.7 Spreading 2.2.8 Wind 3.0 Toxicity 3.1 Lower Boiling Constituents 3.2 Higher Boiling Constituents 3.3 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 3.4 Wastewater 4.0 References Part II: Environmental Technology and Analysis Chapter 5: Environmental Regulations 1.0 Environmental Impact Of Refining 1.1 Air Pollution 1.2 Water Pollution 1.3 Soil Pollution 2.0 Environmental Regulations In The United States 2.1 The Clean Air Act 2.2 The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act 2.3 The Clean Water Act 2.4 The Safe Drinking Water Act 2.5 The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, And Liability Act 2.6 The Oil Pollution Act 2.7 The Occupational Safety And Health Act 2.8 The Toxic Substances Control Act 2.9 The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 3.0 Refinery Outlook 3.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations 3.2 Regulatory Background 3.3 Requirements 4.0 Management Of Refinery Waste 5.0 References Chapter 6: Sample Collection And Preparation 1.0 Petroleum Chemicals 2.0 Sample Collection And Preparation 2.1 Sample Collection 2.1.1 Volatile Compounds 2.1.2 Condensate Releases 2.1.3 Semi-Volatile And Non-Volatile Compounds 2.1.4 Solids 2.2 Extract Concentration 2.3 Sample Cleanup 3.0 Measurement 4.0 Accuracy 5.0 Precision 6.0 Method Validation 7.0 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 8.0 Method Detection Limit 9.0 References Chapter 7: Analytical Methods 1.0 Leachability And Toxicity 2.0 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 2.1 Gas Chromatographic Methods 2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy Methods 2.3 Gravimetric Methods 2.4 Immunoassay Methods 3.0 Petroleum Group Analysis 3.1 Thin Layer Chromatography 3.2 Immunoassay 3.3 Gas Chromatography 3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 3.5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 4.0 Petroleum Fractions 5.0 References Chapter 8: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 1.0 Petroleum Constituents 2.0 Analytical Methods 2.1 Environmental Samples. 2.1.1 Air 2.1.2 Soils And Sediments 2.1.3 Water And Wastewater 2.1.4 Release In A Non-Sensitive Area 2.1.5 Release In A Sensitive Area 2.2 Biological Samples 2.3 Semi- And Non-Volatile Hydrocarbons 3.0 Assessment Of The Methods 4.0 References Chapter 9: Analysis of Gaseous Emissions 1.0 Gaseous Products 1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1.2 Natural Gas 1.3 Refinery Gas 1.4 Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrogen Sulfide, And Carbon Dioxide 1.5 Particulate Matter 2.0 Environmental Effects 3.0 Sampling 4.0 Analysis 4.1 Calorific Value (Heat Of Combustion) 4.2 Composition 4.3 Density 4.4 Sulfur 4.5 Volatility And Vapor Pressure 5.0 References Chapter 10: Analysis of Liquid Effluents 1.0 Naphtha 1.1 Composition 1.2 DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY) 1.3 Evaporation Rate 1.4 Flash Point 1.5 Odor And Color 1.6 Volatility 2.0 Fuel Oil 2.1 Asphaltene Content 2.2 Composition 2.3 Density (Specific Gravity) 2.4 Elemental Analysis 2.5 Flash Point 2.6 Metals Content 2.7 Pour Point And Viscosity 2.8 Stability 3.0 Waste Waters 6.0 References Chapter 11: Analysis of Solid Effluents 1.0 Asphalt 1.1 Acid Number. 1.2 Asphaltene Content 1.3 Carbon Disulfide Insoluble Constituents 1.4 Composition 1.5 Density (Specific Gravity) 1.6 Elemental Analysis. 1.7 Float Test 1.8 Softening Point 1.9 Viscosity 1.10 Weathering 2.0 Coke 2.1 Ash 2.2 Composition 2.3 Density 2.4 Dust Control Material 2.5 Hardness 2.6 Metals 2.7 Sulfur Chapter 12: Pollution Prevention 1.0 Refinery Wastes And Treatment 1.1 Air Emissions 1.2 Wastewater And Treatment 1.3 Other Waste And Treatment 2.0 Pollution Prevention 2.1 Pollution Prevention Options 2.1.1 Good Housekeeping 2.1.2 Process Modifications 2.1.3 Material Substitution Options 2.2 Recycling 2.3 Treatment Options 3.0 Adoption Of Pollution Reduction Options 6.0 References Glossary Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Petroleum refineries -- Waste disposal -- Environmental aspects.
Petroleum waste -- Management.