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Chapter 1 ........................................ .......................................... A Constitutioal Democracy in the Family of Nations .......... ....... .......... .......... ................................. 1 1. Membership in the Familyof Nations........................ 1 2. A Constitutional Democracy...... ................. ......... 6 3. Democratic Constitutionalism ........................8....... 8 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................. 10 Guiding Principles in Foreign Relations ...................................... 10 1. "... international law as part of the law of the land." ............... : 10 2. War and National Policy. ........................................20 3. An Independent ForeignPolicy. ..................................... 24 4. Freedom from Nuclear Weapons ................................. 25 5. Personal Dignity and Human Rights. .......................... 29 6. Nationalist Economy and Private Initiative ............... 29 7. Sovereign Immunity of Foreign States...................... 30 Chapter 3 ..... ......... .......... ..... .................................................... 33 The National Territory ........ ................................... 33 1. The Place of Territorial Delimitation in the Constitution: 1935, 1973, 1987 ............................. 33 2. Philippine Territory - 1935, 1973, 1987: An Overview ....................................................... 41 3. The Philippine Archipelago ............... .................. 44 4. The Component Parts of the Archipelago ................... 47 5. Internal Waters and "Archipelagic Waters." .............. 53 6. Territorial Sea ............. . ............ .. . 57 7. Territory Outside theArchipelago 1935, 1973, 1987.. 59 8. Territory Under and Above water.............................. 64 9. Summary and Conclusion .......................................... 66 Chapter 4 ................................................ 69 Foreign Relations and the National Economy ............................. 69 1. General Economic Policy of the Constitution ............ 69 2. Ahens and Public Lands and Other Natual Resources ......................................... 72 3. Aliens and Private Lands ......................................... 79 Meaning of "private lands" ...................................... 80 Who may acquire private land? ................................ 80 Exception or former Philippine citizens ..........;. 84 Consequences of conveyances made in violation of Section 7 .................................... 85 4. Aliens and Public Utilities . .......................... . .: ...' 86 5. Aliens and Sundry Areas of Investment and Trade.. 91 6. A Nationalist Manpower Policy ............................. 94 7. Foreign Loans ................ .................. ....... i..... 95 8. Aliens, Mass Media, and Advertising. .................. 96 Mass media ........................................ 97 Advertising ............................................................. 97 9. Concluding Observations ................. ........................... 98 Chapter V .................................. 100 The Conduct of Foreign Relations . ........................................ 100 1. Where Does Foreign Relations PowerReside? .......... 100 2. Waging War and Declaring War ......................... 103 3. Treaties .. .... ........................... 108 4. Other InternatioialAgreements . ........ ............ 112 5. Termination of Treaty. ................... 115 6. Power to Contract or Guarantee Foreign Loans......... 116 7. Other Foreign Affairs Powers of the President. ..... 118 Reception of ambassadors and other : public ministers ......................................... 118 Deportation powers . ........ 1 9 - 1l Deportation powors ...............................I... ........ 119 8. Other Foreign Relations Powers of Congress. ... ....... ... 121 9. The Supreme Court and Foreign Relations .............. 122 10. Concluding Observations ............................................... 124 Chapter 6 ............ .. ... ........................ 126 Human Rights in Foreign Relations ............... ........ 126 1. Assumption of Human Rights Obligations.. ...... 127 2. Executive Power Rationalized ............ .... ..... .... 129 3. The New Bill of Rights. . .......... .... .. 131 4. The Bill of Rights in Foreign Relations ........................ 134 5. Treaties and Human Rights ........................................... 136 6. The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. .............. 139 Life, liberty and property, and equality .................. 140 Torture, ill-treatment and prison conditions ........... 142 Freedom of Movement ............................................. 143 Legal personality, privacy and the family. ............... 146 Thought, conscience, religion, expression and political freedms .................................... 149 Associations and unions ........................................ 150 Minorities ................................................................ 150 Self-determination of peoples ................................... 152 Optional Protocol on the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights........................... 154 7. The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . ..................................... ....... 154 8. The Duty to Implement .................................................. 155