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Chapter 1 Methods and Aims 17 1.1. The theoretical framework of the study 17 1.1.1. Theories of borrowing 17 1.1.2. Theories of standard languages and lexical modemisation 19 1.1.3. Language purism and purified Sorani 21 1.1.4. Theoretical issues in the study of the Kurdish nation and language 22 1.2. Previous research on loans in Sorani 23 1.3. Subject and scope of the study 25 1.4. Purpose and signficance of the study and research questions 25 1.5. Type of study 26 1.6. The data 28 Chapter 2 An Overview of Arabic and Persian Loans in Sorani 29 2.1. Arabic loans in Sorani 29 2.2. Persian loans in Sorani 31 2.2.1. Farhangestan and the development of standard Persian 32 Chapter 3 The Kurds, Kurdish Nationalism and the Kurdish Standard Dialects 34 3.1 Ideas about the Kurdish nation and standard Kirmanci 34 3.1.1. Conceptualizing the 'Kurds' 34 3.1.2. Language nationalism and the Kurdish language 35 3.1.3. Opposition of the central governments to a national standard Kurdish 39 3.1.4. Marxists and the Kurdish language 40 3.1.5. Ideas of nationalists about the national Kurdish language in the Kirmanci speaking areas 42 3.1.6. Emergence of national Kirmanci literature 45 3.1.7. Summary and conclusions 46 3.2. Ideas of nationalists about standard Sorani in Iraq and Iran 47 3.2.1. Iraqi Kurds and the ideas of nationalists about standard Sorani 47 3.2.2. Kurds of Iran and standardisation of the Mukri dialect 50 3.2.3. The Kurdish diaspora 62 3.2.4. Concluding remarks 63 Chapter 4 Pre-standard and Standard Sorani 66 4.1. Arabic, Persian and Turkish influences on Kurdish 66 4.1.1. A short historical background 66 4.1.2. Arabic and Persian influences on pre-standard Kurdish 67 4.2. Ideas about purified standard Sorani 70 4.2.1. Purification and the development of Sorani in Iraqi Kurdistan 71 4.3. Codifiers of standard Sorani 72 4.3.1. Piremerd (1863 or 1867-1950) 74 4.3.2. Hemin (1921-1986) 75 4.3.3. Hejar (1920-1991) 76 4.4. Ideas of nationalists about writing standard Sorani texts 77 4.5. Concluding remarks 79 Chapter 5 Sources, Wordlists and Analysis of European, Persian and Arabic Loanwords in Sorani 81 5.1. Preparation of a Sorani text 81 5.2. Sources of the study 82 5.2.1. Writings of codifiers of Sorani 82 5.2.2. Kurdish dictionaries 83 5.2.3. Kurdish magazines 87 5.3. Wordlists of loanwords 91 5.3.1. Wordlist of European, Persian, Arabic, and dialect loanwords 91 5.3.2. Exotica 144 5.4. Modemisation and loanwords 145 5.5. Classification of loans in Sorani according to Haugen's division of loans 149 5.5.1. Loanwords in Sorani 149 5.5.2. Loanblends in Sorani 153 5.5.3. Loanshifts in Sorani 153 5.6. Creations in Sorani 154 5.7. Kurdish purists and loans 154 5.8. Establishment of loans, morphological adaptations of loans 155 5.9. Standard spoken Sorani 156 Chapter 6 Conclusions 157 Bibliography 163