Table of contents for Multipath phenomena in cellular networks / Nathan Blaunstein, Jrgen Bach Andersen.


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Part I     Introduction to Multipath Phenomena      1
1      Statistical Description of Multipath
Propagation Channels                     3
1.1   Nature of Multipath Phenomena             7
1.2   Mathematical Description of PDF and CDF  12
1.3   Modeling of Slow Fading                  23
1.4   Modeling of Fast Fading: Clarke's Flat Model  24
References                              29
2      Narrowband Fast Fading                  31
2.1    Narrowband Fading: Main Definitions     31
2.2    PDF and Power Spectra in Space and Time
Domains                                 34
2.2.1  Aulin's 3-D Model: Angle-of-Arrival PDF for
E- and H-Field Components               35



2.2.2  Aulin's Model: Power Baseband Spectra
Distribution                              39
2.2.3  2-D Model Based on Rician Fading Statistics  42
2.3    Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Signal
Envelope and Phase                        46
2.4    Level Crossing and Fading Statistics      49
2.4.1  LCR                                       51
2.4.2  AFD                                       53
2.5    Statistics of Signal Phase Variation      54
2.5.1  Statistical Description of Phase Difference  54
2.5.2  Random Phase Variations                   56
2.6    Spatial Distribution of Power Gradients   57
References                                60
3      Wideband Signal Fading                    63
3.1    Wideband Signal Representation            64
3.2    Signal Fading in the Time Domain          67
3.2.1  Time Dispersion Parameters                67
3.2.2  Modeling of Time-Delay Spread             68
3.3    Wideband Signal Fading in the Frequency
Domain                                    73
References                                75
Summary of Part I                         77
References                                79
Part II     Fading Phenomena                         81
4      The Path Loss Phenomenon in Various Land
Environments                              83
4.1    Statistical Description of Terrain        84
4.1.1  Statistical Description of Built-up Terrain  84



4.1.2  Statistical Description of Forested Terrain  91
4.1.3  Statistical Description of Mixed Residential
Areas                                     92
4.2    Path Loss Spatial Distributions           94
4.2.1  Signal Strength: Basic Equations          94
4.2.2  Signal Path Loss in Rural Forested Areas  95
4.2.3  Path Loss in Mixed Residential Areas with
Vegetation                                99
4.2.4  Path Loss in Urban Areas                 104
4.3    Frequency Dependence of Path Loss in
Various Areas                            106
4.3.1  Frequency Dependence of Path Loss in
Suburban and Urban Areas                 106
4.3.2  Frequency Dependence of Path Loss in Mixed
Residential Areas                        109
4.3.3  Frequency Dependence of Path Loss in Rural
Forested Areas                           110
4.3.4  Experimental Verification of Frequency
Dependence in Built-up Areas             110
4.4    Prediction of Path Loss and Radio Coverage  111
4.4.1  Path Loss in Forested Areas              112
4.4.2  Path Loss in Mixed Residential Areas     114
4.4.3  Path Loss in Urban and Suburban Areas    118
References                               136
5      Distribution of Angle of Arrival and Time
Delay Resulting from an Array of Buildings
Placed on Rough Terrain                  139
5.1    PDF Distribution in Angle and Time
Domains                                  141
5.1.1  PDF of Arrival Angles                    143
5.1.2  PDF of Arrival Time                      147
5.2    Spatial Distribution of Scatterers over Terrain  149
References                               152



6      Signal Power Fading in Angle and Delay
Domains                                 157
6.1    Correlation Functions and Power Spectra of
Signal Fading                           158
6.2    Signal Power Spectra in Angle and Delay
Domains                                 161
6.2.1  Angle-of-Arrival Distribution of Signal
Power                                   163
6.2.2  Incoherent Component Distribution in Angle-
of-Arrival Domain                       171
6.2.3  Statistical Approach for Angle-of-Arrival
Distribution                            176
6.2.4  Power Spectrum Distribution in Time
Domain                                  179
6.3    Distribution in Azimuth and Delay Domains:
Comparison with Experimental Data       182
6.3.1  Conditions of Experiments               182
6.3.2  Power Azimuth and Time-Delay Spectra
Distributions                           183
References                              188
7      Doppler Spectra Distribution in Multipath
Environments                            191
7.1    Spectral Properties of Signal Fading in Space
Domain                                  192
7.2    Spectral Properties of Signal Fading in Time
and Doppler Domains                     198
7.3    Experimental Investigation of Power Spectrum
Distribution                            201
References                              203
Summary of Part II                      205



Part III   Characterization and Consequences of
Multipath Radio Channels                207
8      Prediction of Multipath Characteristics for
Communications and Positioning          209
8.1    Prediction of Propagation Characteristics in
Terrestrial Propagation Channels        210
8.1.1  Advantages of 3-D Stochastic Approach  210
8.1.2  Effects of Terrain Features on Loss
Characteristics                         213
8.1.3  Experimental Verification of Poisson
Distribution for Built-up Areas         215
8.1.4  Limits of Stochastic Model Applications to
Terrestrial Communications              219
8.1.5  Long-Term Fading Effects               220
8.2    Experimental Verification of Signal
Distribution in Angle-of-Arrival and Time
Domains                                 221
References                              231
9      System Aspects of Multipath Phenomena   233
9.1    Link Budget for Multipath Wireless
Communication Channels                  233
9.1.1  Basic Path Loss Considerations         234
9.1.2  Estimation of Slow Fading              239
9.1.3  Influence of Rician Factor on Link Budget  244
9.1.4  Experimental Verification of Slow and Fast
Fading                                  247
9.1.5  Link Budget for WCDMA                   252
9.2    Prediction of Data Error Rate in Outdoor
Multipath Communication Channels        253
References                              261
10     Antennas in a Multipath Environment     265
10.1   Nonadaptive Antennas                   265



10.2  Adaptive Antennas                        268
10.2.1 Array Antennas at One End               268
10.2.2 Array Antennas at Both Ends             271
10.2.3 Spectral Efficiency of MIMO Channels    273
References                              276