Waldseemüller’s map represented a revolutionary new geography: it was the first map, printed or manuscript, to depict clearly a separate Western Hemisphere, separated from Asia, with the Pacific as a separate ocean. The map represented a huge leap forward in knowledge, recognizing the newly found American landmass and forever changing the European understanding of a world that was previously divided into only three parts—Europe, Asia, and Africa."', hotspots: [ { id: 1, title: 'The Existence of the Pacific Ocean', text: 'The 1507 World map is the first known map to show the Continent of South America separated from Asia in a way that reveals the existence of the Pacific Ocean. This fact is problematic in that neither Magellan nor Balboa had reached the Pacific Ocean by this time. The geographic and cartographic sources that Waldseemüller used for his depiction of the New World remain unknown to scholars although Waldseemüller discusses some unknown Portuguese charts in his book the Cosmographiae introduction.', left: 59, top: 164, x: 248, y: 1120 }, { id: 2, title: 'The Naming of America', text: 'Waldsemüller named the continent of South America after Amerigo Vespucci. The name appears for the first time on any map on the 1507 world map and is discussed by Waldseemüller in his book the Cosmographiae Introductio. Waldseemüller and Ringman say, “Today these parts of the earth have been explored more extensively than a fourth part of the world, as will be explained in what follow, and that has been discovered by Amerigo Vespucci [. . . .] I can see no reason why anyone would object to calling this fourth part Amerige, the land of Amerigo, or America, after the man of great ability who discovered it.”', left: 99, top: 191, x: 589, y: 1320 }, { id: 3, title: 'Correction Made in the Woodblocks', text: 'In several areas on the 1507 world map corrections have been made to the woodblocks. The most obvious change is the relocation of a group of islands off the west coast of Africa. The islands have been relocated a little farther north and to the east than from their previous position. These islands were important in defining the line between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the early sixteenth century.', left: 131, top: 134, x: 816, y: 1020 }, { id: 4, title: 'Northwest Coast of Africa', text: ' The northwest coast of Africa on the 1507 map has a shape that is not modern but was defined and modeled after that found in the Geographia of Claudius Ptolemy. Ptolemy was a Greek second-century geographer and astronomer whose works were important far into the Renaissance. Waldseemüller and Ringmann combined the new geographic information provided by Columbus and Vespucci along with that of Ptolemaic and other ancient sources to make the 1507 World Map.', left: 166, top: 90, x: 986, y: 750 }, { id: 5, title: 'Vespucci Portrait', text: 'Besides naming the continent of South America after Amerigo Vespucci, Waldseemüller also pays homage to him on the 1507 map by showing his portrait opposite that of Ptolemy. The portrait is accompanied by a map that shows the new lands whose discovery Waldseemüller attributed to him. The insect that sits near Vespucci’s shoulder above the "q" in Aquilo may be a wasp (in Latin “vespa”). The pictured insect could also be a fly, thought by sixteenth-century printers to protect their works from damage.', left: 338, top: 43, x: 2367, y: 253 }, { id: 6, title: 'Large Text Block at Lower Right', text: 'Waldseemüller indicates why he made the 1507 map. In the last line he recognizes that his new view of the world might disturb viewers until they understand and accept the new discoveries. The full translation is "Although many of the ancients were interested in marking out the circumference of the world, things remained unknown to them in no slight degree; for instance, in the west, America, named after its discoverer, which is now known to be a fourth part of the world. Another is, to the south, a part of Africa, which begins about seven degrees this side of Capricorn and stretches in a large expanse southward, beyond the torrid zone and the Tropic of Capricorn. A third instance, in the east, is the land of Cathay, and all of southern India beyond 180 degrees of longitude. All these we have added to the earlier known places, so that those who are interested and love things of this sort may see all that is known to us of the present day, and may approve of our painstaking labors. This one request we have to make, that those who are inexperienced and unacquainted with cosmography shall not condemn all this before they have learned that it will surely be clearer to them later on, when they have come to understand it."', left: 445, top: 205, x: 3144, y: 1685 } ] }, map1516: { title: '1516 Carta Marina', largeHeight: 2704, largeWidth: 5000, width: 529, height:344, subTitle: '', description: 'Martin Waldseemüller\'s 1516 Carta Marina sought to present the most up-to-date conception of the world at that time. Equal in size to his 1507 map, the Carta Marina is markedly superior to the earlier map in artistic detail, possibly reflecting the hand of the artist Albrecht Dürer (1471 - 1528). It incorporates greatly expanded and corrected geographical information. The Carta Marina could be considered the first printed nautical map of the entire world. However, in part because of the controversies surrounding his earlier naming of the Western Hemisphere “America,” Waldseemüller omits the word from the Carta Marina, and indicates that North America is joined with Asia.', hotspots: [ { id: 1, title: 'No Pacific Ocean Shown', text: 'The 1516 map, unlike the 1507 map, does not show the existence of the Pacific Ocean and displays a greatly reduced continent of South America. Waldseemüller’s representation of this fragment of the continent is not unlike that of the famous “Cantino Planisphere” or the map known as the “Admiral’s Chart” that is found in Waldseemüller’s 1513 edition of Ptolemy’s Geographia and is therefore not unique to the Carta Marina.', left: 64, top: 135, x: 326, y: 1033 }, { id: 2, title: 'Grid Lines Drawn by Schöner', text: 'The mathematician, globemaker and astronomer Johannes Schöner (1474-1544) originally owned both the 1507 and 1561 world maps and bound them together into the book that has become known as the Schöner Sammelband. Schöner drew a series of red grid lines over the entire 1516 map and over portions of the 1507 map in order to transfer the coordinates of various places to his globes. There are several places in Schöner’s geographical notebooks where he discusses the gridding technique that he used and that is graphically displayed here.', left: 70, top: 45, x: 417, y: 389 }, { id: 3, title: 'Northwest Coast of Africa', text: 'The northwest coast of Africa on the 1516 map displays a modern form as does most of the map. The influence of Ptolemy’s geography is not obviously apparent in the representation of the coastlines and landmasses and the map has a form that is recognizable today.', left: 223, top: 77, x: 1470, y: 620 }, { id: 4, title: 'Symbolic & Mythological Characters', text: 'The 1516 map has many areas that show creatures from mythology and from either real or fictionalized accounts of travel to the less-well-known regions of the earth. The travel narrative was extremely important and influential in the early part of the sixteenth century and many were published in the region around Strasbourg and St. Dié. An example from “the land of the cannibals” is shown below and comes from Waldseemüller’s representation of South America.', left: 163, top: 163, x: 600, y: 1242 }, { id: 5, title: 'Correction Shield', text: 'One of the shields on the 1516 map is covered with a plain white piece of paper. During conservation of the map, photographs were taken of the shield that revealed information concealed underneath. The shield covers a list of mistakes or “errata” for the map that have been corrected by the printers on the copy at the Library of Congress. Even though the Library’s copy is the only surviving one, this information tells us that there must have at least been some proof copies available for the mapmakers and printers to correct.', left: 81, top: 223, x: 511, y: 1548 }, { id: 6, title: 'Explanatory text Block', text: 'The large text block on the Carta Marina is the only source of information that gives us some idea of the number of copies that Waldseemüller may have printed of his maps. The text tells us that Waldseemüller printed 1000 copies of the 1507 map, a number that is questioned by scholars, and also explains that the 1516 Carta Marina is based on more modern sources than the 1507 map.', left: 436, top: 197, x: 3090, y: 1433 } ] }, book: { title: 'The Schöner Sammelband', transcript: 'The 1507 and 1516 world maps by Martin Waldseemüller were found in one of the most important compilations of cartographic materials to survive from the early Renaissance period.
The compilation, or Sammelband, was discovered in 1901 in the library of the Wolfegg Castle in Württemberg, Germany by the Jesuit historian, Father Joseph Fischer.
The compilation was put together in the form of a book by the Nuremberg astronomer, alchemist, and globe maker, Johann Schöner, sometime after 1515.
Besides containing the 1507 and 1516 world maps, the book also contained patterns for Schöner\'s celestial and terrestrial globes.
Schöner was one of the most important globe makers of the early Renaissance period and made some of the earliest and most important globes to survive.
The book that he compiled remains a cartographic treasure.', subTitle: 'A Portfolio Compiled by Joannes Schöner', description: 'One of the most significant compilations of cartographic materials in the long history of mapping was discovered in 1901 by the Jesuit historian, Father Josef Fischer, in the library of Prince von Waldburg zu Wolfegg-Waldsee at the Castle of Wolfegg, in Württemberg, Germany. The volume, now known as the "Schöner Sammelband", was compiled sometime after 1516 and contained the only surviving copies of Martin Waldseemüller\'s 1507 Universalis cosmographiae, his 1516 Carta Marina Navigatoria and the first printed celestial globe gores by the mathematician, alchemist, and globe-maker Johannes Schöner (1477 -1547). Also included in the original volume was a heavily annotated copy of a star chart of the Southern Hemisphere produced by Albrecht Dürer in 1515. Now removed, the Dürer star chart remains in the collections of Wolfegg Castle.' }, compare: { comparison: [ { title: 'South America and the Pacific Ocean', hotspots: [ { type: '1507', text: 'Look in detail The existence of the Pacific Ocean and a western coastline for South America on the 1507 Waldseemüller map remains an unsolved mystery for scholars. In 1507 neither Balboa nor Magellan had reached the Pacific Ocean. How then did Waldseemüller know of the ocean’s existence and depict a continent whose coastline on the west borders the ocean?at the shape and location of the coastline. The shape of the coast is problematic and a mystery to scholars because neither Balboa nor Magellan had reached the Pacific Ocean. Talk about Schöner globe in the Sammelbund also showing South America in this form.', x: 0, y:0 }, { type: '1516', text: 'The size of South America is greatly reduced and, even though this is a later map, Waldseemüller no longer shows a Pacific Ocean.', x: 0, y:0 } ] }, { title: 'North Coast of Africa', hotspots: [ { type: '1507', text: 'For the 1507 map, Waldseemüller used the geographic books of the second century A.D. astronomer Ptolemy to represent the north coast of Africa. The depiction of the north coast does not include knowledge gained by sailors and explorers of the fifteenth century.', x: 0, y: 0 }, { type: '1507', text: 'The size of South America is greatly reduced and, even though this is a later map, Waldseemüller no longer shows a Pacific Ocean.', x: 0, y: 0 }, { type: '1516', text: 'The 1516 map shows the north coast of Africa much as one would expect to see it today, and the depiction is obviously based on more current geographical knowledge.', x: 0, y: 0 }, ] }, { title: 'Waldseemüller’s Paradox', hotspots: [ { type: '1507', text: 'Some of Waldseemüller’s comments printed on the 1507 map lead scholars to believe that he was making a map based on the best available geographic sources at the time. He states that this map is the way “we will come to see our world."', x: 0, y: 0 }, { type: '1507', text: 'The size of South America is greatly reduced and, even though this is a later map, Waldseemüller no longer shows a Pacific Ocean.', x: 0, y: 0 }, { type: '1516', text: 'On the other hand, on the 1516 Carta Marina, Waldseemüller explains that the 1507 map was based on “ancient sources” and that the 1516 map, which does not show a Pacific Ocean, is the way the world looks. These two statements seem to contradict each other and have been a constant source of scholarly debate.', x: 0, y: 0 }, ] } ] }, curator : { text: 'The accepted geography of the early sixteenth century was based on that defined by Ptolemy (after 83-161 AD) in his book the Geographia. Ptolemy\'s representation of the earth in the second century was much smaller than the expanded world of the early Renaissance, especially after the discovery of the New World. In addition, the methods of cartography and map projection outlined by Ptolemy were insufficient for cartographers in Waldseemüller\'s time and many innovations in map construction came out of commentaries on Ptolemy\'s book. Waldseemüller in his 1507 map expanded these older classical forms to create a world map that, like Ptolemy\'s, gives the impression of a spherical earth but includes the newly discovered lands. The layout of the 1516 Carta Marina on the other hand comes from a different tradition, that of "portolan charts" Used for sea navigation, these charts were probably invented in the early Middle Ages. Both maps pushed the boundaries of cartography into new areas and depicted a representation of the world that is very modern and reminiscent of maps of today.' } } /** * Compare content */ Loc.CompareData = { 1 : { title: 'South America and the Pacific Ocean', hotspots : { '1507' : { text: 'The existence of the Pacific Ocean and a western coastline for South America on the 1507 Waldseemüller map remains an unsolved mystery for scholars. In 1507 neither Balboa nor Magellan had reached the Pacific Ocean. How then did Waldseemüller know of the ocean’s existence and depict a continent whose coastline on the west borders the ocean?' }, '1516' : { text: 'The size of South America is greatly reduced and, even though this is a later map, Waldseemüller no longer shows a Pacific Ocean.' } } }, 2 : { title: 'North Coast of Africa', hotspots: { '1507' : { text: 'For the 1507 map, Waldseemüller used the geographic books of the second century A.D. astronomer Ptolemy to represent the north coast of Africa. The depiction of the north coast does not include knowledge gained by sailors and explorers of the fifteenth century.' }, '1516': { text: 'The 1516 map shows the north coast of Africa much as one would expect to see it today, and the depiction is obviously based on more current geographical knowledge.' } } }, 3 : { title: 'Waldseemüller’s Paradox', hotspots: { '1507' : { text: 'Some of Waldseemüller\'s comments printed on the 1507 map lead scholars to believe that he was making a map based on the best available geographic sources at the time. He states that this map is the way “we will come to see our world.”' }, '1516' : { text: 'On the other hand, on the 1516 Carta Marina, Waldseemüller explains that the 1507 map was based on "ancient sources" and that the 1516 map, which does not show a Pacific Ocean, is the way the world looks. These two statements seem to contradict each other and have been a constant source of scholarly debate.' } } } } /** * Page data */ Loc.page = { // HOME PAGE home: { stageContent : { graphic : [ { name: 'ttl', source : "cmn/img/ttl_maps.png", top: 335, left: 40 }, { name: 'text', source : "cmn/img/text_maps.png", top: 335, left: 395 } ], maps : [ { name: 'mapsAnimate' } ], button : [ { name: 'curator_btn', type: 'image', imageSource: 'cmn/img/btn_overview.png', page : "curator", w : 215, h : 33, top: 390, left: 125 } ] } }, // CURATOR INTRODUCTION PAGE curator: { stageContent : { Player : [ { type : 'video', info : "hi am curator", source: 'cmn/video/intro.wmv', frame: "", top: 20, left: 500, overlay: 'cmn/img/curator.jpg' } ] }, panelContent : { textArea : [ { name : 'text_curator', top: 20, left: 30, height: 375, content : Loc.content.curator.text } ] } }, // 1507 MAP map1507: { stageContent : { graphic : [ { name: 'map_1507', source : "cmn/img/map1507.png", top: 30, left: 390 } ], button : [ { name: 'btn_compare', type: 'image', imageSource: 'cmn/img/btn_compare.png', page: 'compare', w : 148, h : 32, top: 350, left: 665 } ] }, panelContent : { textArea : [ { name : 'text_1507', top: 20, left: 30, height: 375, content : Loc.content['map1507'].description } ] } }, // 1516 MAP map1516: { stageContent : { graphic : [ { name: 'map_1516', source: "cmn/img/map1516.png", top: 30, left: 390 } ], button : [ { name: 'btn_compare', type: 'image', page: 'compare', imageSource: 'cmn/img/btn_compare.png', w : 148, h : 32, top: 350, left: 665 } ] }, panelContent : { textArea : [ {name : 'text_1516', top: 20, left: 30, height: 375, content : Loc.content['map1516'].description } ] } }, // BOOK PAGE book: { stageContent : { graphic : [ { name: 'book_image', source : "cmn/img/book.png", top: 8, left: 375 } ] }, panelContent : { textArea : [ {name : 'text_book', top: 20, left: 30, height: 275, content : Loc.content['book'].description } ], Player : [ { name:'audioPlayer', type: 'audio', source: 'cmn/audio/book.wma', top: 340, left: 20, hidden: false, transcript: Loc.content['book'].transcript } ] } }, // COMPARE PAGE compare: { stageContent : { Compare : [ { } ] } } }