This field has no indicators or subfield codes; the data elements are positionally
defined.
Field 008 character positions 00-17 and 35-39 are defined the same for field 008 in the
MARC 21 bibliographic format, regardless of record type. The definition of field 008
character positions 18-34 varies according to the Type of record code in Leader/06 and
Bibliographic level code in Leader/07. Certain data elements are defined the same in
more than one 008 field configuration. When similar data elements are defined for
inclusion in a field 008 for different record types/bibliographic level, they generally
occupy the same field 008 character positions.
06 - Type of date/Publication status One-character alphabetic code that indicates that categorizes the type of dates
given in 008/07-10 (Date 1) and 008/11-14 (Date 2). For continuing resources, the
code in 008/06 also indicates the publication status.
The choice of code for 008/06 is made concurrently with a determination of the
appropriate dates for 008/07-14. For most records data is derived from information
in field 260 (Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint)), field 362 (Dates of
Publication and/or Sequential Designation), or from note fields.
Dates are represented by four digits. Missing digits in the date are represented
by the character u.
For continuing resources, 008/07-10 contain the beginning date of publication
(chronological designation) and 008/11-14 contain the ending date. For reprints of
serials and for reproductions of serials being described in the body of the entry,
the beginning and ending dates of the original are input in these character
positions.
Precedence of codes (monographic items) - When more than one code
applies to a bibliographic item, use the table below to determine the appropriate
code to use. The codes listed first take precedence over codes listed
subsequently. The left column covers single part items and multipart items
completed in one year. The right column covers multipart items for which a span of
dates is required.
| Single part/multipart items complete in one year |
Collections/multipart items complete in more than one year |
| b - B.C. date |
b - B.C. date |
| r - Reprint/original date |
i - Inclusive date |
| e - Detailed date |
k - Range of dates |
| s - Single date |
r - Reprint/original date |
| p - Distribution/production date |
m - Initial/terminal date |
| t - Publication date and copyright date |
t - Publication date and copyright date |
| q - Questionable date |
n - Unknown date |
| n - Unknown date |
|
Legal characters - Date 1 and Date 2 each usually consist of four
digits (e.g., 1963). When part of the date is unknown, missing digits are
represented by the character u (e.g., "19??" would be recorded as
19uu). If the date is totally unknown, the millennium may be inferred
(e.g., 1uuu). For Common Era (C.E.) dates of the first millennium, the
year is right justified and unused positions contain zeros (e.g., "946 A.D." would
be recorded as 0946). When Date 1 or Date 2 is not applicable, such as
when Before Common Era (B.C.) dates are involved, blanks are used (e.g.,
####). For active serials (i.e., when the serial has not ceased
publication) and incomplete multipart nonserial items, the date in 008/11-14 is
represented by 9999 to indicate that the year is not yet available. The
fill character (|) may also be used in 008/06-14 when no attempt has been made to
code dates, but its use in 008/07-10 is discouraged. Many MARC-based systems rely
on non-fill characters in 008/07-10 for retrieval and duplicate detection. When
fill is used in either 008/07-10 or 008/11-14, it should be used in all four
character positions, thus a combination of fills and any other character in either
of these positions should never occur.
b - No dates given; B.C. date involved One or more dates associated with the item are Before Common Era (B.C.) dates.
B.C. date information can be specifically coded in field 046 (Special Coded
Dates).
Each character position in fields 008/07-10 and 008/11-14 contains a blank.
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| 008/06 |
b |
| 008/07-10 |
#### |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$c[150-100 B.C.] |
c - Continuing resource currently published Currently published is defined as an item for which an issue has been received
within the last three years.
008/07-10 contain the beginning date of publication; 008/11-14 contain the
characters 9999.
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| 008/06 |
c |
| 008/07-10 |
1984 |
| 008/11-14 |
9999 |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bXerox Films,$c1984- |
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| 008/06 |
c |
| 008/07-10 |
1953 |
| 008/11-14 |
9999 |
| 260 |
##$aChicago :$bUniversity of Chicago Press, |
| 362 |
1#$aBegan with vol. for 1953. |
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| 008/06 |
c |
| 008/07-10 |
195u |
| 008/11-14 |
9999 |
| 500 |
##$aDescription based on: Vol. 2, no. 2 (Feb.
1956).
[Date of first issue is unknown.] |
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| 008/06 |
c |
| 008/07-10 |
19uu |
| 008/11-14 |
9999 |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bWiley Interscience, |
| 500 |
##$aDescription based on: 1981.
[Date of first issue is unknown but can be estimated.] |
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| 008/06 |
c |
| 008/07-10 |
1uuu |
| 008/11-14 |
9999 |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bDoubleday, |
| 500 |
##$aDescription based on: 1901.
[Date of first issue is unknown and cannot be estimated.] |
d - Continuing resource ceased publication New issues of a continuing resource have ceased to be published or that a
change in author or title has caused a successive entry record to be created.
When a new title supersedes a previously existing one, the earlier title is
considered dead and coded d in field 008/06. An item is considered to
have ceased publication only when there is clear evidence that it has.
Generally, a period of more than three years during which no new issue of a
continuing resource has been published is considered evidence that it has
ceased publication.
008/07-10 contain the beginning date of publication; 008/11-14 contain the date
the item ceased to be published.
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| 008/06 |
d |
| 008/07-10 |
1928 |
| 008/11-14 |
1941 |
| 260 |
##$aBerlin :$bVZG,$c1928-1941. |
| 362 |
0#$aVol. 1, no. 1 (Feb. 1928)-v. 14, no. 2 (Feb.
1941).
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| 008/06 |
d |
| 008/07-10 |
1uuu |
| 008/11-14 |
1958 |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bAmerican Statistical Association,$c -1959. |
| 362 |
0#$a -1958. |
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| 008/06 |
d |
| 008/07-10 |
19uu |
| 008/11-14 |
1929 |
| 260 |
##$aBoston :$bThe Society,$c -1929.
[Beginning date is unknown but can be estimated.] |
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| 008/06 |
d |
| 008/07-10 |
1945 |
| 008/11-14 |
19uu |
| 260 |
##$aChicago :$bThe Association,$c1945- |
| 515 |
##$aNo more published?
[Ending date is unknown but can be estimated.] |
e - Detailed date Detailed date which contains the month (and possibly the day) in addition to
the year is present.
008/07-10 contain the year and 008/11-14 contain the month and day formatted
mmdd.
If the day is unknown, uu is used; if the detail on the item indicates
only the month, blanks are used. For visual materials, this
code may be used with televised material to give the date of the original
broadcast.
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| 008/06 |
e |
| 008/07-10 |
1983 |
| 008/11-14 |
0615 |
| 260 |
##$aWashington, D.C. :$bDept. of Commerce,$cJune 15, 1983. |
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| 008/06 |
e |
| 008/07-10 |
1977 |
| 008/11-14 |
05## |
| 260 |
##$cMay 1977.
[Day is not applicable because the publication is identified by month
only.] |
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| 008/06 |
e |
| 008/07-10 |
1976 |
| 008/11-14 |
11uu |
| 260 |
##$aU.S. :$bTriangle Film Corp.,$cNov. 1976.
[Day of month is unknown.] |
i - Inclusive dates of collection 008/07-10 and 008/11-14 contain the inclusive dates applicable to a collection.
If the inclusive dates are represented by a single year, that date is given in
both places. A collection, whether or not it consists of individually published
items, is not considered to exist in a published form. Multipart items are not
treated as a collection (see code m).
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| 008/06 |
i |
| 008/07-10 |
1765 |
| 008/11-14 |
1770 |
| 260 |
##$c1765-1770. |
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| 008/06 |
i |
| 008/07-10 |
18uu |
| 008/11-14 |
1890 |
| 260 |
##$c18--?-1890. |
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| 008/06 |
i |
| 008/07-10 |
1988 |
| 008/11-14 |
1988 |
| 260 |
##$c1988. |
k - Range of years of bulk of collection 008/07-10 and 008/11-14 contain the range of years applicable to most of the
material in a collection. If the bulk dates are represented by only a single
year, that date is given in both places. A collection, whether or not it
consists of individually published items, is not considered to exist in a
published form. Multipart items are not treated as a collection (see code
m).
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| 008/06 |
k |
| 008/07-10 |
1796 |
| 008/11-14 |
1896 |
| 260 |
##$c1796-1896. |
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| 008/06 |
k |
| 008/07-10 |
1854 |
| 008/11-14 |
1854 |
| 260 |
##$c1854. |
m - Multiple dates 008/07-10 and 008/11-14 contain the range of years of publication of a
multipart item. If both dates for a multipart item are represented by a single
year, then code s is used. The code is also used for a single part unpublished
item that has been executed over a period of time, such as a painting.
008/07-10 usually contain the initial (or beginning) date and 008/11-14 the
terminal (or ending) date.
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| 008/06 |
m |
| 008/07-10 |
1972 |
| 008/11-14 |
1975 |
| 260 |
##$aParis :$bÉditions du Cerf,$c1972-1975. |
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| 008/06 |
m |
| 008/07-10 |
uuuu |
| 008/11-14 |
1981 |
| 260 |
##$aBoston :$bMacmillan,$c -[1981]
[Multipart item for which the earliest volume is not held.] |
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| 008/06 |
m |
| 008/07-10 |
197u |
| 008/11-14 |
1987 |
| 260 |
##$aParis :$bHachette,$c[197-]-1987.
[Multipart item for which the publication date of the first volume is
uncertain.] |
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| 008/06 |
m |
| 008/07-10 |
1943 |
| 008/11-14 |
197u |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bDover,$c1943-[197-?]
[Multipart item for which the publication date of the last volume is
uncertain.] |
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| 008/06 |
m |
| 008/07-10 |
1943 |
| 008/11-14 |
1945 |
| 260 |
##$aLondon :$bGollancz,$c1943-1945.
[Single part item for which the publication date spans more than one
year.] |
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| 008/06 |
m |
| 008/07-10 |
1998 |
| 008/11-14 |
9999 |
| 260 |
##$aBrescia : $bLa scuola,$c<c1998- >
[Multipart item for which the publication date is ongoing.] |
n - Dates unknown Dates appropriate for 008/07-10 and 008/11-14 are unknown, (e.g., when no dates
are given in field 260).
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| 008/06 |
n |
| 008/07-10 |
uuuu |
| 008/11-14 |
uuuu |
| 260 |
##$a[Spain] |
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| 008/06 |
n |
| 008/07-10 |
uuuu |
| 008/11-14 |
uuuu
[Naturally occurring object; field 260 is not present in the record.]
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p - Date of distribution/release/issue and production/recording session when
different Both a date of distribution/release/issue (008/07-10) and a date of
production/recording (008/11-14) are present because there is a difference
between the two dates. For computer files, code p is used when
there is a difference between the date the file first became operational for
analysis and processing in machine-readable form (i.e., production date) and
the date the file became available to the public, usually through an
established agency (i.e., distribution date). For moving images, if a work with
identical content but in a different medium has a later release date than the
original work, code p is used (e.g., a videorecording released in 1978 that was
originally produced as a motion picture in 1965).
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| 008/06 |
p |
| 008/07-10 |
1982 |
| 008/11-14 |
1967 |
| 260 |
##$aWashington :$bU.S. Navy Dept.,$c1967 :$bDistributed by National Audiovisual Center,$c1982. |
q - Questionable date Exact date for a single date item is not known but a range of years for the
date can be specified (e.g., between 1824 and 1846).
Earliest possible date is given in 008/07-10; latest possible date in
008/11-14.
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| 008/06 |
q |
| 008/07-10 |
1963 |
| 008/11-14 |
1966 |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bHippocrene Books,$c[between 1963 and 1966] |
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| 008/06 |
q |
| 008/07-10 |
18uu |
| 008/11-14 |
19uu |
| 260 |
##$aAmsterdam :$bElsevier,$c[19th and early 20th century]
[Decade is unknown for both earliest and latest date.] |
r - Reprint/reissue date and original date 008/07-10 contain the date of reproduction or reissue; 008/11-14 contain the
date of the original, if known. 008/11-14 contain code u ("uuuu"), if
unknown.
If multiple dates are available for the original publication, 008/11-14 contain
the earlier date. With original photographic material, the work being described
would be a later photoprint made from an earlier created photonegative. With
original prints, the work being described would be a restrike made from the
(usually deceased) artist's earlier-created plate or block.
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| 008/06 |
r |
| 008/07-10 |
1983 |
| 008/11-14 |
1857 |
| 260 |
##$aBoston :$b[s.n.,$c1983?] |
| 500 |
##$aOriginal version: Pittsburg, Pa. : W'm Schuchman
& Bro. Lith., [1857].
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| 008/06 |
r |
| 008/07-10 |
1966 |
| 008/11-14 |
uuuu |
| 500 |
##$aReprinted from Green Howard's
Gazette.
[Original date of publication is unknown.] |
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| 008/06 |
r |
| 008/07-10 |
uuuu |
| 008/11-14 |
1963 |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$b[s.n.,$cn.d.] |
| 500 |
##$aPreviously published in 1963. |
s - Single known date/probable date Date consists of one known single date of distribution, publication, release,
production, execution, writing, or a probable date that can be represented by
four digits. The single date associated with the item may be actual,
approximate, or conjectural (e.g., if the single date is uncertain). Code s is
also used for a single unpublished item such as an original or historical
graphic when there is a single date associated with the execution of the
item.
008/07-10 contain the date; 008/11-14 contain blanks (####).
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| 008/06 |
s |
| 008/07-10 |
1977 |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$aWashington :$bDept. of State,$c1977. |
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| 008/06 |
s |
| 008/07-10 |
1981 |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$a[Darmstadt] :$bTetzlaff,$c1980 [i.e. 1981] |
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| 008/06 |
s |
| 008/07-10 |
1969 |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$aLondon :$bHarcourt, World & Brace,$c[1969?] |
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| 008/06 |
s |
| 008/07-10 |
1983 |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$a[Yerushalayim :$bE. Fisher,$c744 i.e. 1983 or 1984]
[Non-Gregorian dates with no single Gregorian equivalent.] |
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| 008/06 |
s |
| 008/07-10 |
1946 |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$aBerlin :$b[s.n.,$cca. 1946] |
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| 008/06 |
s |
| 008/07-10 |
198u |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bHaworth,$c[198-] |
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| 008/06 |
s |
| 008/07-10 |
19uu |
| 008/11-14 |
#### |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bS.R.A.,$c[19--] |
Span of dates associated with a single item of uncertain date is coded as
questionable (code q). Multiple certain dates needed for a single item are
coded as multiple dates (code m). Single or multiple dates associated with a
collection are coded as either bulk dates (code k) or inclusive dates (code
i).
t - Publication date and copyright date Date of publication/release/production/execution is present in 008/07-10 and a
copyright or phonogram copyright date is present in 008/11-14. Deposit dates
(i.e., those preceded by "D.L." (Dépot légal), etc.) are treated as
copyright dates.
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| 008/06 |
t |
| 008/07-10 |
1982 |
| 008/11-14 |
1949 |
| 260 |
##$aLondon :$bMacmillan,$c1982, c1949. |
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| 008/06 |
t |
| 008/07-10 |
2002 |
| 008/11-14 |
2001 |
| 260 |
##$aNew York :$bEpic,$c2002, p2001. |
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| 008/06 |
t |
| 008/07-10 |
198u |
| 008/11-14 |
1979 |
| 260 |
##$aRio de Janeiro :$bDelta,$c[198-?], c1979. |
u - Continuing resource status unknown Used for continuing resources when there is no clear indication that
publication of the item has ceased.
008/07-10 contain a beginning date of publication; 008/11-14 contain the
characters uuuu since no ending date is known.
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| 008/06 |
u |
| 008/07-10 |
1948 |
| 008/11-14 |
uuuu |
| 362 |
0#$a1948- |
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| 008/06 |
u |
| 008/07-10 |
19uu |
| 008/11-14 |
uuuu |
| 500 |
##$aDescription based on: 1983. |
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| 008/06 |
u |
| 008/07-10 |
1uuu |
| 008/11-14 |
uuuu
[No information is contained in the source record.] |
| - No attempt to code
07-10 - Date 1 A date specified by the code in 008/06 (Type of date/Publication status).
Determination of dates for 008/07-10 is made concurrently with the choice of code
for 008/06. See the section above on 008/06 for examples and input conventions
related to coded date information. The use of fill characters in 008/07-10,
although possible, is discouraged since the data in Date 1 is used for retrieval
and duplicate detection in many systems. When fill is used in 008/07-10, all four
positions must contain the fill character.
1-9 - Date digit
# - Date element is not applicable
u - Date element is totally or partially unknown
|||| - No attempt to code
11-14 - Date 2 A date specified by the code in 008/06 (Type of date/Publication status).
Determination of dates for 008/11-14 is made concurrently with the choice of code
for 008/06. See the section above on 008/06 for examples and input conventions
related to coded date information. Four fill characters (||||) are used when no
attempt has been made to code these character positions.
1-9 - Date digit
# - Date element is not applicable
u - Date element is totally or partially unknown
|||| - No attempt to code
15-17 - Place of publication, production, or execution Two- or three-character alphabetic code that indicates the place of publication,
production, or execution. Place code is an authoritative-agency data element. Code
from:
MARC Code List for Countries. Choice of a MARC code is generally related to information in field 260
(Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint)). The code recorded in 008/15-17 is
used in conjunction with field 044 (Country of Producer Code) when more than one
code is appropriate to an item. The first code in subfield $a of field
044 is recorded in 008/15-17. Three fill characters (|||) may be used in place of
a valid code, but their use in 008/15-17 is discouraged. The data in this field
008 data element is used for retrieval and duplicate detection in many systems.
When fill is used in 008/15-17, all three positions must contain the fill
character.
Two-character codes are left justified and the unused position contains a blank
(#). For items reprinted in the original print size, the code is based on the
jurisdiction where the reprint was published and not on the jurisdiction
associated with the original place of publication.
For sound recordings, the code represents the place where the
recording company is located. For still images that are original
or historical graphics, if geographic information can be deduced (as with some
photographs), a place code is recorded in this character position. For
archival moving images, the code represents the country of
producing entity from field 257. For mass-produced
videorecordings, the code represents the place of publication in
field 260 (Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint)).
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| 008/15-17 |
cau |
| 044 |
##$acau$afr$asp$agw |
| 260 |
##$aBurbank, Calif. :$bColumbia Tristar Home Video,$cc1996.
Video published in California of a film co-produced in France, Spain and Germany |
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| 008/15-17 |
nyu |
| 260 |
##$a[New York ] :$bGardner & Co.,$cc1899. |
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|
|
| 008/15-17 |
nyu |
| 245 |
00$a[Portrait of Cyrus Patten] /$cAnson, New York. |
| 260 |
##$c1852.
[A single unpublished graphic item.] |
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|
| 008/15-17 |
xx# |
| 245 |
00$aVanity Fair /$cF. Depero. |
| 260 |
##$c1930.
[An unpublished graphic item where geographic information cannot be
deduced.] |
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|
|
| 008/15-17 |
ja# |
| 260 |
##$aTokyo :$cShobido & Co.,$c1919.
[A collection consisting wholly of published items.] |
When the place of publication/production/execution is totally unknown, code
xx# is used.
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|
| 008/15-17 |
xx# |
| 260 |
##$aS. l. :$bs.n.,$c1983.
[Place is completely unknown] |
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| 008/15-17 |
xx# |
| 245 |
00$a[Hope diamond]$h[realia].
[Field 260 is not present in the record] |
When more than one place is involved, the first-named jurisdiction is coded in
008/15-17. The code for the first jurisdiction is repeated in field 044 (Country
of producer code), followed by the codes for the other jurisdictions.
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|
| 008/15-17 |
enk |
| 260 |
##$aLondon ;$aNew York :$bAcademic Press,$c1979. |
| 044 |
##$aenk$anyu |
For visual materials and music, if the work is a
multi-country production, the code for the first country is recorded in 008/15-17.
The code for the first country is repeated in field 044 (Country of Producer
Code), followed by the codes for countries of other bodies involved in the
production. For serials and integrating
resources, the country code reflects the place of publication of the
latest issue, part or iteration. If the record is updated at a later time and the
place has changed, the place of publication code is updated. For mixed
materials, the code represents the repository where the material is
assembled.
xx# - No place, unknown, or undetermined No place of publication, production, etc. can be provided; the place is
unknown, or it is undetermined. Examples of such items are: 1) naturally
occurring objects; 2) ancient manuscripts.
vp# - Various places Various places are associated with different parts of items, generally a
collection.
[aaa] - Three-character alphabetic code
[aa#] - Two-character alphabetic code
35-37 - Language Three-character alphabetic code that indicates the language of the item. Code
from:
MARC Code List for Languages. Choice of a MARC code is based on the predominant language of the item.
Three fill characters (|||) may also be used if no attempt is made to code the
language or if non-MARC language coding is preferred (and coded in field 041
(Language code)).
For language material (i.e., books and continuing resources), the
language code is based on the text of the item. The term text refers to
the principle work(s) included within the publication, excluding the preface,
introduction, foreword, appendices, etc. For computer files, the
language associated with the data and/or the user interface
(e.g., textual displays, audible output in a language) determines the code used in
008/35-37, not the programming language. (Accompanying documentation in a language
other than that of the data and/or user interface is coded in field 041.) For
maps, the language of names and text associated with the map
or globe determines the code used. For music, the predominant
language of the sung or spoken text associated with the score or sound recording
is recorded in 008/35-37. For visual materials, (excluding
original or historical projectable graphics), the language content is defined as
the sound track, the accompanying sound, the overprinted titles (subtitles) or
separate titles (for silent films), sign language when it is the sole medium of
communication, or the accompanying printed script (for works with no sound or, if
with sound, no narration). For original or historical graphic material, opaque
graphic material, and three-dimensional materials, the language content is that
associated with the material, i.e., captions or other text associated with the
item or collection that are part of the chief source of information. For
mixed materials, the language code is based on the predominant
language of an item or materials in a collection.
When only one language is associated with an item, the code for that language is
recorded.
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| 008/35-37 |
spa |
| 245 |
00$aRentabilidad bruta del inversionista en bolsa.$pBonos del tesoro. |
If more than one language code is applicable, the code for the predominant
language is recorded in 008/35-37, and the codes for all of the languages,
including the predominant language, are recorded in field 041 (Language Code). The
code recorded in 008/35-37 is always the same as the language code recorded in the
first occurrence of subfields $a or $d (for sound
recordings).