MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data: 008: Books (Network Development and MARC Standards Office, Library of Congress)

Books definition of field 008/18-34 is used when Leader/06 (Type of record) contains code a (Language material) or t (Manuscript language material) and Leader/07 (Bibliographic level) contains code a (Monographic component part), c (Collection), d (Subunit), or m (Monograph). Field 008 positions 01-17 and 35-39 are defined the same in all 008 fields and are described in the 008-All materials section.

Field 008/18-34 correspond to equivalent positionally defined data elements in field 006/01-17 when field 006/00 (Form of material) contains code a (Language material) or t (Manuscript language material). Details about specific codes defined for the equivalent character positions in field 006 and 008 for books are provided in the Guidelines for Applying Content Designators section of 008-Books only.

GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING CONTENT DESIGNATORS

■ CHARACTER POSITIONS

18-21 - Illustrations (006/01-04)

Up to four (4) one-character alphabetic codes (recorded in alphabetical order)that indicate the presence of types of illustrations in the item. If fewer than four alphabetic codes are assigned, the codes are left justified and unused positions contain blanks (#).

Represented by field 008 or 006 with a books configuration. Information for this character position is usually derived from terms in field 300 (Physical Description). If more than four codes are appropriate to an item, only the first four are recorded.

# - No illustrations

Work does not contain illustrations. When # is used in 008/18, it is always followed by three other blanks in 008/19-21.

a - Illustrations

Types of illustrations not covered by any of the more specific codes are coded using code a.

b - Maps

Used when the term map or maps is present in field 300.

c - Portraits

Used when the term port. or ports. is present in field 300.

d - Charts

Used when the term chart or charts is present in field 300.

e - Plans

Used when the term plan or plans is present in field 300.

f - Plates

Used when the term plate or plates is present in field 300.

g - Music

Used when the term music is present in field 300.

h - Facsimiles

Used when the term facsim. or facsims. is present in field 300.

i - Coats of arms

Used when the term coat of arms or coats of arms is present in field 300.

j - Genealogical tables

Used when the term geneal. table or geneal. tables is present in field 300. The presence of the term table or tables alone mandates the use of code a.

k - Forms

Used when the term form or forms is present in field 300.

l - Samples

Used when the term sample or samples is present in field 300.

m - Phonodisc, phonowire, etc.

Used, on current records, when the following terms are present in field 300: sound disc, sound cartridge, sound tape reel, sound cassette, roll, and cylinder. On older records, code m is used for any term beginning with phono, e.g., phonodisc.

o - Photographs

Used when the term photo. or photos. is present in field 300. If the photographs are of minor importance code a (Illustrations) may be used.

p - Illuminations


008/18-21	a###
300	##$a271 p. :$bill. ;$c21 cm.


008/18-21	f###
300	##$a246 p., 32 p. of plates ;$c26 cm.


008/18-21	ab##
300	##$bill., maps (in pocket)


008/18-21	acf#
300	##$bill., plates, ports.


008/18-21	acdg
300	##$bill., charts, facsim., music, ports.


008/18-21	####
300	##$a367 p. ;$c23 cm. [no illustrations in the item]

| - No attempt to code

22 - Target audience (006/05)

One-character alphabetic code that describes the intellectual level of the target audience for which the material is intended.

When items with factual content are considered appropriate for more than one target audience, the code is recorded for the primary target audience. If the record has both reading grade level and interest age or interest grade level information present in the 521 (Target Audience Note) field, 008/22 is coded based on the interest age.

# - Unknown or not specified

Target audience for which the material is intended is unknown or is not specified.


008/22	#
245	02$aA Consumer's guide to auto repair costs.

a - Preschool

Intended for children, approximate ages 0-5 years.

b - Primary

Intended for children, approximate ages 6-8 years.

c - Pre-adolescent

Intended for young people, approximate ages 9-13.

d - Adolescent

Intended for young people, approximate ages 14-17.

e - Adult

Intended for adults.

f - Specialized

Aimed at a particular audience and the nature of the presentation would make the item of little interest to other audiences. Examples of items which are coded f include: 1) technical material geared to a specialized audience, and 2) items which address a limited audience; for example, the employees of a single organization.


008/22	f
245	10$aMARC for library use.

g - General

Of general interest and not aimed at a particular target audience. The code is used for most fictional works that are not covered more appropriately by one of the other codes.


008/22	g
245	10$aLetter from Peking :$ba novel.

j - Juvenile

Intended for use by children and young people, approximate ages 0-15. The code is used when a more specific code for the juvenile target audience is not desired.


008/22	j
650	#0$aGrizzly bear$xJuvenile literature.


008/22	j
245	00$aSaturday morning heroes ...

| - No attempt to code

23 - Form of item (006/06)

One-character alphabetic code that specifies the form of material for the item.

# - None of the following

Not specified by one of the other codes.

a - Microfilm

b - Microfiche


008/23	b
300	##$a1 microfiche ;$c10 x 15 cm.

c - Microopaque

d - Large print


008/23	d
250	##$aLarge print ed.

f - Braille

r - Regular print reproduction

Eye-readable print, such as a photocopy.


008/23	r
500	##$aPhoto-reproduction of 1963 edition.

s - Electronic

Intended for manipulation by a computer. The item may reside in a carrier accessed either directly or remotely, in some cases requiring the use of peripheral devices attached to the computer (e.g., a CD-ROM player). This code is not used for items that do not require the use of a computer (e.g., music compact discs, videodiscs).

| - No attempt to code

Use of this code is discouraged since form of item information is often used in retrieval and duplicate detection.

24-27 - Nature of contents (006/07-10)

Up to four one-character codes (recorded in alphabetical order) that indicate whether a significant part of the item is or contains certain types of material. If fewer than four codes are assigned, the codes are left justified and unused positions contain blanks (#).

Information for these character positions is usually derived from other areas of the bibliographic record (e.g., field 245 (Title Statement), 5XX (Note) fields, or 6XX (Subject Added Entry) fields). Up to four codes may be recorded, in alphabetical order. If more than four codes are appropriate to an item, the four most significant are selected.

# - No specified nature of contents

When # is used in 008/24, it is followed by three other blanks.


008/24-27	####
245	14$aThe responsibilities of leadership /$c ... [No special nature of contents given]

a - Abstracts/summaries

Abstracts or summaries of other publications. Not used when a publication includes an abstract or summary of its own content.

b - Bibliographies

All or part of an item is a bibliography or bibliographies. Used only if the bibliography is substantial enough to be mentioned in the bibliographic record. Note: Because bibliographies are included as part of the definition of code n, code b is not used when code n is present.


008/24-27	b###
504	##$aBibliography: p. 104-177.c - Catalogs

c - Catalogs

Also includes lists of collectible objects, such as stamps and coins, or trade catalogs, etc. For catalogs of books, sound recordings, or motion pictures, code b (Bibliographies), code k (Discographies), or code q (Filmographies), are given with code c.

d - Dictionaries

Also used for a glossary or a gazetteer.

Concordances are coded as Indexes (code i). Monographic biographical dictionaries are coded as collected biography (code c) in 008/34 (Biography) rather than as a dictionary here.


008/24-27	d###
245	10$aDictionnaire de la langue québécoise.

e - Encyclopedias

Encyclopedia or an encyclopedic treatment of a specific topic.

f - Handbooks

g - Legal articles

Contains substantive articles on legal topics, such as those published in law school reviews.


008/24-27	gl##
245	10$aLaws of the land interpreted :$bcompendium of contemporary law with analyses and commentary /$cedited by ...

i - Indexes

Index to bibliographical material other than itself.

Not used when a publication contains an index to its own content.

j - Patent document

Detailed description of an invention or discovery of a new and useful process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or improvements thereof. A patent document may be one of several kinds of documents: a patent or similar document (e.g., inventor's certificate), a patent application (domestic, foreign, priority application, etc.), or a continuation/division of one of the above.

k - Discographies

Entire item, or a significant part of it, is a discography or discographies, or other bibliography of recorded sound. Used only if the discography is substantial enough to be mentioned in the bibliographic record. For discographies that are also catalogs, both code k and code c are given.


008/24-27	bkq#
504	##$aBibliography: p. 80-84.
504	##$aDiscography: p. 85-97.
504	##$aFilmography: p. 98-101.

l - Legislation

Full or partial texts of enactments of legislative bodies, published either in statute or in code form, or texts of rules and regulations issued by executive or administrative agencies.

m - Theses

Thesis, dissertation, or work identified as having been created to satisfy the requirements for an academic certification or degree.

n - Surveys of literature in a subject area

Composed entirely of authored surveys that summarize what has been published about a subject.

Usually contains a list of references either in the body of the work or as a bibliography. Note: Because bibliographies are included as part of the definition of code n, code b (Bibliographies) should not be recorded when code n is present.

o - Reviews

Devoted entirely to critical reviews of published or performed works (e.g., books, films, sound recordings, theater).

p - Programmed texts

q - Filmographies

Entire item, or a significant part of it, is a filmography or other bibliography of moving images. Used only if the filmography is substantial enough to be mentioned in the bibliographic record. For filmographies that are also catalogs, both code q and code c (Catalogs) are given.


008/24-27	bkq#
504	##$aBibliography: p. 80-84.
504	##$aDiscography: p. 85-97.
504	##$aFilmography: p. 98-101.

r - Directories

Directory or register of persons or corporate bodies. Monographic biographical dictionaries are coded as collected biography (code c) in 008/34 (Biography) rather than as a directory here.

s - Statistics

Entire item, or a significant part of it, is a collection of statistical data on a subject. Not used for works about statistical methodology.

t - Technical reports

Work that is the result of scientific investigation or technical development, testing, or evaluation, presented in a form suitable for dissemination to the technical community.

u - Standards/specifications

Either an international, national or industry standard or a specification which gives a precise statement of a process or a service requirement.

v - Legal cases and case notes

Discussions, such as those in the case comments section of law school reviews, of particular legal cases that have been decided by, or that are pending before, courts or administrative agencies.

w - Law reports and digests

Texts of decisions of courts or administrative agencies. Also used when a work consists of texts of digests of such decisions.

z - Treaties

Treaty or accord negotiated between two or more parties to settle a disagreement, establish a relationship, grant rights, etc.

2 - Offprints

Publication that originally was published as an article in a monograph or a serial and that is also issued separately and independently. Includes preprints and postprints.

| - No attempt to code

28 - Government publication (006/11)

One-character code that indicates whether or not the item is published or produced by or for an international, national, state, provincial, or local government agency, or by any subdivision of such a body.

Also describes the jurisdictional level of the government agency associated with the item. A government body and all its subdivisions are treated as government bodies regardless of how they may be entered as headings (i.e., entered under jurisdiction or not). In the bibliographic record, the body does not have to be a main or added entry, but it should be named as publisher, etc. in the publication, distribution, etc. area, or have caused the item to be published (usually inferred when the governmental body is responsible for the content of the work). When in doubt, treat the item as a government publication.

Guidelines for certain types of publications

Socialist countries- Since the coding of all items published in socialist countries as government publications would limit the usefulness of this element, coding should be used only for the same type of bodies that would be considered government in a non-socialist country. In coding items in this manner, when in doubt, treat the item as a government publication.
Two levels- If an item is published or produced jointly by government agencies at two different levels, record the code for the higher government level.
Academic publications- In the U.S., items published by academic institutions are considered government publications if the institutions are created or controlled by a government.
University presses- In the U.S., items published by university presses are considered government publications if the presses are created or controlled by a government (e.g., state university presses in the United States).

# - Not a government publication

Not published by or for a government body.


008/28	#
110	2#$aInternational Comparative Literature Association.


008/28	#
260	##$aNew York :$bMacmillan,$c1983.

a - Autonomous or semi-autonomous component

Published or produced by or for a government body of an autonomous or semi-autonomous component of a country.


008/28	a
110	1#$aSabah.

c - Multilocal

Published or produced by or for a multilocal jurisdiction which is defined as a regional combination of jurisdictions below the state level.


008/28	c
110	2#$aHouston Independent School District.

f - Federal/national

Published or produced by or for a federal or national government body (e.g., a sovereign nation, such as Canada). Used for the governments of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Also used for American Indian tribes.


008/28	f
110	2#$aNational Agricultural Library.

i - International intergovernmental

Published or produced by or for an international intergovernmental body.


008/28	i
110	2#$aUnited Nations.$bSecretary-General.

l - Local

Published or produced by or for a local government jurisdiction such as a town, city, county, etc.


008/28	l
110	1#$aMexico City (Mexico)

m - Multistate

Published or produced by or for a regional combination of jurisdictions at the state, provincial, territorial, etc. level.


008/28	m
110	2#$aCouncil of State Governments.

o - Government publication-level undetermined

Published or produced by or for a government body but that the jurisdictional level cannot be determined.

s - State, provincial, territorial, dependent, etc.

Jurisdictional level of the government body is a state, province, territory, or other dependent jurisdiction.


008/28	s
110	1#$aVirginia.$bGovernor.

u - Unknown if item is government publication

z - Other

None of the other defined codes are appropriate.

| - No attempt to code

29 - Conference publication (006/12)

One-character code that indicates whether the item consists of the proceedings, reports, or summaries of a conference.

The following types are considered to be conference publications:

Proceedings, including collections or partial collections of papers (or of contributions, essays, etc., that are based upon papers) presented at a conference or meeting.
A partial collection, defined as a work containing two or more papers (or contributions, essays, etc., that are based upon papers) presented at a conference or meeting.
A collection of preprints of conference papers.

The following types of publications are not considered conference publications:

Works composed of or based on a single paper
Hearings of legislative bodies
Courses given in a school (except where the main entry is the name of a meeting)

0 - Not a conference publication


008/29	0
245	12$aA first course in physics /$cby Robert Andrew Millikan ...

1 - Conference publication


008/29	1
245	10$aProceedings of the Third Seminar on Quantum Gravity ...

| - No attempt to code

30 - Festschrift (006/13)

One-character code that indicates whether the item is a festschrift.

Defined as a complimentary or memorial publication usually in the form of a collection of essays, addresses, or biographical, bibliographic, scientific, or other contributions. It often embodies the results of research, issued in honor of a person, an institution, or a society, as a rule, on the occasion of an anniversary celebration. A true festschrift generally mentions the person, institution, or society it commemorates on the chief source of information (i.e., title page). The title of the work may or may not use the word festschrift. Other indications that an item is a festschrift include phrases such as: papers in honor of, in memory of, commemorating, and their equivalents in foreign languages.

0 - Not a festschrift


008/30	0
245	10$aEssays on nuclear physics.

1 - Festschrift


008/30	1
245	10$aFoundations of mathematics :$bsymposium papers commemorating the sixtieth birthday of Kurt Gödel.


008/30	1
245	10$aFestschrift to honor F. Wilbur Gingrich, lexicographer ...

| - No attempt to code

31 - Index (006/14)

One-character numeric code that indicates whether the item includes an index to its own contents.

Information for this data element is derived from mention of an index in another part of the bibliographic record (e.g, in the title, or in a note).

0 - No index


008/31	0 [No indication of index in bibliographic data]

1 - Index present


008/31	1
500	##$aIncludes index.


008/31	1
245	14$aThe corporate law of the District of Columbia :$bannotated : with index /$cby Frederick S. Tyler ...

| - No attempt to code

32 - Undefined (006/15)

Contains a blank (#) or a fill character (|).

33 - Literary form (006/16)

One-character code used to indicate the literary form of an item. Numeric codes 0 and 1 provide a generic identification of whether or not the item is a work of fiction. Alphabetic codes may be used to identify specific literary forms.

0 - Not fiction (not further specified)

Not a work of fiction and no further identification of the literary form is desired.


008/33	0
100	1#$aClarke, Mary,$d1923-
245	10$aBallet in art :$bfrom the Renaissance to the present ...

1 - Fiction (not further specified)

Work of fiction but no further identification of the literary form is desired.


008/33	1
100	1#$aDalgliesh, Alice,$d1893-
245	14$aThe bears on Hemlock Mountain ...
650	#1$aBears$xFiction.

c - Comic strips

d - Dramas

e - Essays

f - Novels

h - Humor, satires, etc.

Humorous work, satire, or of similar literary form.

i - Letters

Single letter or collection of correspondence.

j - Short stories

Short story or collection of short stories.

m - Mixed forms

Represents a variety of literary forms (e.g., poetry and short stories).

p - Poetry

Poem or collection of poems.

s - Speeches

Speech or collection of speeches.

u - Unknown

Literary form of the item is unknown.

| - No attempt to code

34 - Biography (006/17)

One-character alphabetic code that indicates whether or not an item contains biographical material, and if so, what the biographical characteristics are.

# - No biographical material

No biographical or autobiographical material.


008/34	#
245	00$aDictionary of Russian verbs.

a - Autobiography

b - Individual biography

Biography of one individual.


008/34	b
100	1#$aDampenon, Philippe.
245	10$aMichel Sardou /$cpar Philippe Dampenon.

c - Collective biography

Biographical material about more than one individual.


008/34	c
245	10$aUnited States music :$bsources of bibliography and collective biography.

d - Contains biographical information


008/34	d
245	00$aCorrespondance inédite de Victor... $bprécédée d'une notice...

| - No attempt to code

INPUT CONVENTIONS

CONTENT DESIGNATOR HISTORY

008/22 - Target audience

c - Elementary and junior high [RENAMED, 2002]

d - Secondary (senior high) [RENAMED, 2002]

u - School material at first level [OBSOLETE]

v - School material at second level [OBSOLETE]

Prior to the definition of codes a through g in 1995, only codes # and j were used in USMARC.

008/23 - Form of item

# - None of the following [REDEFINED, 1987]

g - Punched paper tape [OBSOLETE, 1987]

h - Magnetic tape [OBSOLETE, 1987]

i - Multimedia [OBSOLETE, 1987]

z - Other form of reproduction [OBSOLETE, 1987]

Code # (Not a reproduction) was redefined when the focus of 008/23 was changed. The other codes were made obsolete when the coding of 008/23 (Form of reproduction code) was redefined as information about the medium of the item in hand rather than about bibliographic reproductions.

008/24-27 - Nature of contents

h - Handbooks [OBSOLETE]

k - Official standards [REDEFINED, 1997]

u - Standards/specifications [NEW, 2002]

q - Examination papers [REDEFINED, 1997]

x - Technical reports [OBSOLETE, 1997]

y - Yearbooks [OBSOLETE, 1988]

2 - Offprint [NEW, 2007]

3 - Discographies [OBSOLETE, 1997]

4 - Filmographies [OBSOLETE, 1997]

Prior to 1979, handbooks were identified by code h; code f is currently used. Prior to 1987, discographies were identified by code b.

008/28 - Government publication

n - Government publication-level undetermined [OBSOLETE]

Prior to 1979, an undetermined level was identified by code n; code o is currently used.

008/32 - Main entry in body of entry [OBSOLETE, 1990]

Defined codes were: 0 (Main entry not in body of entry), 1 (Main entry in body of entry).

008/33 - Literary form

# - Non-fiction [OBSOLETE, 1997]

Prior to the definition of 11 new codes and the change of name for this character position to Literary form in 1997, only the generic codes 0 (Not fiction) and 1 (Fiction) were used in USMARC.

008 - Books (NR)

CHARACTER POSITION DEFINITION AND SCOPE

GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING CONTENT DESIGNATORS

■ CHARACTER POSITIONS

INPUT CONVENTIONS

CONTENT DESIGNATOR HISTORY