DATE: May 24,
2004
REVISED:
NAME: Changes Needed to Accommodate RISM Data--Music Incipits
SOURCE: RISM Zentralredaktion (RISM), Music Library Association (MLA)
SUMMARY: This paper proposes defining field 031 in the authority and bibliographic formats to contain information needed for encoding RISM incipits.
KEYWORDS: RISM (BD, AD); Incipits (BD, AD); Field 031 (BD, AD)
RELATED: 2004-DP01
STATUS/COMMENTS:
05/24/04 -- Made available to the MARC 21 community for discussion.
06/26/04 - Results of the MARC Advisory Committee discussion - Approved as amended. Participants agreed that subfields $y (Link text) and $z (Public note) should be defined in field 031 to enhance the display of the URI coded in subfield $u.
08/26/04 - Results of LC/LAC/BL review - Agreed with the MARBI decisions.
The Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM) was established in 1952 under the joint auspices of the International Musicological Society and the International Association of Music Libraries. The aim of this international cooperative effort has been to locate, identify, and catalog musical source materials including manuscript and printed music and writings about music. The project is currently underway, and the largest RISM undertaking to date is Series A/II, manuscript sources from 1600-1800. As of spring 2003 the database included nearly 400,000 bibliographic records representing manuscripts from 595 libraries and 31 countries. The RISM Central Office (Zentralredaktion) in Germany expects to add on the order of 20,000 new records per year to this database.
A major goal for RISM in the near future is to achieve the ability to receive and distribute data in multiple bibliographic data formats. To this end, they have approached the governing agencies for the MARC 21, UNIMARC and MAB formats with proposals for the additions and changes that would be necessary to accommodate the existing RISM data and to facilitate the exchange of RISM data between these formats.
In January 2004 the MARC Advisory Committee discussed Discussion Paper
2004-DP01. Although the group expressed concern over some of the complex coding
in the proposed field 031, it was decided that the field must meet the needs of
the RISM community. The MARC Advisory Committee also expressed concern that
subfield $z (Language of text) duplicated information already present in field
041 (Language code). In preparation of this proposal, subfield $z was removed
from field 031. Further study has been conducted to ascertain whether several
item-specific subfields should be included in the authority format. In the
revised definition of field 031, item-specific data elements that are to be
coded in bibliographic records only have been identified. The MARC Advisory
Committee also requested that wherever possible, the content of the subfields in
field 031 should correspond to similiar use in other fields. Thus, subfield $m
has been redefined as "Voice/instrument" and subfield $r has
been redefined as "Key or mode" to match the use of these subfields in fields
240, 600, 700 and 800.
2.1 History of Recording the Incipits of Musical Works
The musical incipit or initial sequence of notes of a musical composition is an important and often critical element in the bibliographic description of music. In many cases, it is the only practical identifying element. For example: composer Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) composed 104 distinct musical works with the title “Symphony.” To identify this adequately, it is necessary to include descriptive elements resulting in “Joseph Haydn Symphony in D major for 2 oboes, 2 horns and strings whose 3rd of 3 movements is marked Tempo di minuetto.” This is a unique set identifying characteristics, but it is not very practical. On the other hand, the initial sequence of 9 notes in the 1st violin part of the symphony is sufficiently distinct to uniquely identify the symphony not only among all of the works of Haydn, but also among over 16,000 other 18th-century symphonies (5102 of which share the title “Symphony in D major.” Cf. Jan Larue. A Catalogue of 18th Century Symphonies (1988)) Thus, over the years, music bibliographers have been assembling lists of musical incipits as a means of uniquely identifying musical works. Often these lists take the form of thematic catalogs, which is why the symphony described above is more commonly identified by “Hob. I, 4” or as “Symphony no. 4,” after the creator of the thematic catalog of Haydn’s works, Anthony van Hoboken.
Unfortunately for music bibliographers, the traditional music notation used to record incipits also has its problems and limitations: it requires specialized machines or software to produce and does not lend itself readily to computer searching and indexing. To solve this problem, a number of schemes have been developed to represent musical notation in the form of sequences of alpha-numeric characters. The RISM Central Office adopted the scheme known as “Plaine and Easie Code” to encode musical incipits in its computer database of musical sources.
2.2 Recording Incipits in the MARC 21 Authority and Bibliographic Formats
If the primary function of the music incipit is the precise identification of musical works, then the most logical place in MARC 21 for a field to encode music incipits is the authority format.
However, there is a reasonable case to be made for its inclusion in the bibliographic format, as well. First, it is often the case that knowledge of the existence of a musical work is based on one source, perhaps even a single manuscript or printed copy of that work. In such cases, to catalog the physical item (manifestation), in essence, is to catalog the work (at least under current cataloging practices). There would be nothing to document in an authority record that was not already documented in the bibliographic record. This is such a common occurrence in music that no need for authority records was seen in the original design of the RISM database. Second, it is easy to envision circumstances under which it would be desirable to have a field for music incipits available in the bibliographic format, even in catalogs where authority records are employed. These bibliographic records would hold documentation of variants significant enough to merit documentation, but either too minor or too frequent to include in an authority record for a work. Third, a field for recording music incipits to date has been approved for MAB and UNIMARC only for the bibliographic format. Because a principal goal of our request is to facilitate the exchange of RISM data between formats, this would be most easily accomplished if the field for music incipit information in MARC 21 was also included in the bibliographic format.
2.3 Definition of Field 031 for Incipit Data
The elements presented below for field 031 in the bibliographic and authority formats essentially duplicate the elements already approved for UNIMARC field 036, although there have been some minor adjustments made in the order of the subfields to conform to MARC 21 conventions.
Field 031 could be defined as the following:
031 MUSICAL INCIPITS INFORMATION (R)
Field 031 contains coded data representing the musical incipit for music using established notation schemes that employ ordinary ASCII symbols. It is primarily used to identify music manuscripts, but can be applied to any material containing music.
Indicators
Indicator 1: blank
Indicator 2: blank
Subfields:
$a - Number of work (NR)
Subfield $a contains a code that
indicates the work to which the incipit applies. The numeric code is based
strictly on the order and presentation of works within the catalog record. If
the record describes only one work, use 1.
Example:
$a2 (An incipit identifying the second sonata of a set of
six)
$b - Number of movement (NR)
Subfield $b contains a code
that indicates the movement within a work to which the incipit applies. The
numeric code is based strictly on the order and presentation of parts within the
work. If the work has only one movement use 1.
Example: $b3 (An incipit identifying the third movement of a symphony)
$c - Number of excerpt (NR)
Subfield $c contains a code
that indicates the order of incipits within the movement defined in subfield $b.
If there is only one incipit for a movement, use 1.
Example: $c1 (An incipit for the instrumental
introduction of an aria)
Example:
$c2 (An incipit for the vocal part of an
aria)
$d - Caption or heading (R) [Bibliographic format
only]
Subfield $d contains the caption or heading of the incipit.
Example: $dAria. Allegro (The transcribed heading of the movement)
$m - Voice/instrument (NR)
Subfield $m contains the name
of the voice or instrument coded in subfield $p (Musical notation). Subfield $m
is usually in coded form, derived from a controlled list maintained by the
cataloging agency. Terms may also be taken from the item being cataloged if
there is no appropriate code available.
Example: $mS (RISM code for Soprano voice)
$e - Role (NR)
Subfield $e contains the name of the
character singing the incipit coded in subfield $p (Musical notation), when
appropriate.
Example: $eSara (Name of character in the aria)
$g - Clef (NR)
Subfield $g contains the clef of the
incipit, as it appears in the source. The following three-character codes taken
from the RISM guidelines may be used:
--Clef: Capital letters “F,” “C,” or “G” indicate the clef shape; followed by
--Separator: Code “–“ (hyphen) for modern notation and code “+” (plus
symbol) for mensural notation; followed by
--Staff line: Numbers 1-5 indicate
the clef position on the staff, starting from the bottom line.
Example: $gF-4 (The incipit uses the bass clef)
$n - Key signature (NR)
Subfield $n contains the key
signature of the incipit. The letter “x” indicates sharps and the letter “b”
indicates flats followed by capital letters to indicate the affected
pitches.
Example: $nxFCG (The incipit is in A major with three sharps)
$o - Time signature (NR)
Subfield $o contains the time
signature or mensuration sign of the incipit. The time signature may be
transcribed as a symbol (for mensural notation use c, c., o, or o.; or c for
common time, c/ for alla breve) and/or a number (3, 2, c3, etc.) or a
fraction
(4/4, 12/8, etc.) or "nd" if marking is not present. Use of subfield
$o is mandatory if subfield $p is present or subfield $2 contains either code
"pe" or "da."
Example: $oc (The incipit is in common time)
$p - Musical notation (NR)
Subfield $p contains the
notation symbols of the code specified in subfield $2 to transcribe the first
10-12 notes of the selected staff. The code system used in indicated in subfield
$2.
Example: $p'2B4B8BB/4G8GxF4FF/4xA8AA4.At8B/4B$2pe
$q - General note (R)
Subfield $q contains a free-text
general note.
$r - Key or mode (NR) [Bibliographic format
only]
Subfield $r contains the key or mode of the incipit, if
applicable. The following codes from the Plaine & Easie Code may be
used:
--Capital letters A-G indicate major keys
--Lowercase letters a-g indicate
minor keys
--Letter “x” indicates sharps
--Letter “b” indicates
flats
--Numbers 1-12 indicate Gregorian modes
Example: $re (The movement is in the key of E minor)
$s - Coded validity note (R) [Bibliographic format
only]
Subfield $s contains a note in coded form on the validity of the
information.
--Question mark ? indicates that there is a mistake in the
incipit that has not been corrected
--Plus sign+ indicates that there is a
mistake in the incipit that has been corrected
--Letter “t” indicates that
the incipit has been transcribed (e.g. from mensural notation)
--Exclamation
point! indicates that incipit discrepancies have been commented on in subfield
$q (General note)
Example: $s? (There is a mistake in the incipit that has not been corrected)
$t - Text incipit (R)
Subfield $t contains the literary
text (if present) as it appears on the source. It is usually the text
corresponding to the music in the incipit. If the source has multiple texts
(usually recorded to accommodate contrafactum texts), each corresponding text
string is transcribed in a separate occurrence of subfield $t.
$u - Uniform Resource Identifier (R)
Subfield $u contains
a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), for example a URL or URN, which provides
electronic access data in a standard syntax. This data can be used for automated
access to an electronic item using one of the Internet protocols. URIs usually
recorded include audio files (such as .mid, .wav., .mp3), image files (.jpg,
.tiff, .gif) or notational files (such as enigma or niff).
Example: $uhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/cgi-bin/n.cgi/prep/6/jsbbrc11.mid (A MIDI file of the incipit is located online)
$2 - System code (NR)
Subfield $2 contains a
two-character code that indicates the encoding system used to transcribe the
musical notation in subfield $p (Musical notation). Use of subfield $2 is
mandatory if subfield $p is present. The following codes may be used:
--Code “pe” indicates a Plaine & Easie Code
--Code “da” indicates a
DARMS Code
Example: $p'2B4B8BB/4G8GxF4FF/4xA8AA4.At8B/4B$2pe (The incipit is encoded using the Plaine & Easie Code)
$6 - Linkage (NR)
$8 - Field link and sequence
number (R)
See the description of these subfields in Appendix A.
[Bibliographic format only]
3.1 Coding of Aria, S Rei d’impuniti eccessi
031 ##$a01$b01$c01$mS$dAria$tRei d'impuniti eccessi$re$gC-1$oc $p'2B4B8BB/4G8GxF4FF/4xA8AA4.At8B/4B$2pe |
3.2 Coding of the scena ed aria Deh parlate che forse tacendo
by Cimarosa
031 ##$a01$b01$c01$mvl1$dScena. Largo$lG-2$nbBEA$oc$p8{'C+8(3{CDEFG};5)}8{GC}{,nB'G}4(-)/''2G+6{GnB'''C''E}6{DCAG}$2pe 031 ##$a01$b01$c02$mS$eSara$dScena. Largo$gC-1$nbBEA$oc$tChi per pietà mi dice il figlio mio che fà$p=5/4-''6C3CC6DEgF6CC8-6ED/q8D4C8C'nB''4D-/2-/$2pe 031 ##$a01$b02$c01$mvl1$dAria. Allegro$gG-2$nbBEA$oc $p6{'EDEF}{GABG}{EDEF}{GABG}/{''C'BAG}{FEDC},4B-/$2pe 031 ##$a01$b02$c02$mS$eSara$dAria. Allegro$gC-1$nbBEA$oc$tDeh parlate che forse tacendo$p2-/2-''4.F8D/gC'8BB4-2(-)/=2/''2E'G/''4.C'8A4F-/-Fq8B4A8GF/$2pe |
3.3 DARMS coding and URL of MIDI source of J.S. Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto Nr.1 BWV 1046, 1st oboe part:
031 ##$a01$b01$c01$mOb. 1$gG-2$nbB$oc$pRE 9S(( 8)) 9(( 8 9 8)) 9E( 6) 7( 6S( 5)) / 4S(( 3 2 3)) /$uhttp://www.classicalarchives.com/cgi-bin/n.cgi/prep/6/jsbbrc11.mid$2da |