| Reconciliation Processes in Africa: Government Initiatives |
| This collection of Internet resources provides access to web sites providing selected national reconciliation initiatives undertaken in the African countries Although selective, inclusion of a site by no means constitutes
endorsement by the African and Middle Eastern Division of the Library of Congress. Every source listed here was successfully tested before being added to the list. Users, however, should be aware that a successful connection may sometimes require several attempts.
For additional research and bibliographic materials on reconciliation processes in African countries consult the Library's online catalog.
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| ACCORD (http://www.c-r.org/accord/peace/accord13/makey.shtml) |
| Provides a summary of the peace statement of the 1995 the National Pact settling the a conflict Northern part of Mali.
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| AFRICA FILES (http://www.africafiles.org/links.asp) |
| Links provided to NGO’s and churches and government agencies, international institutions and other groups with a role or interest in Africa in relation to HIV-AIDS, Angola, ecology & economic justice, gender, government, human rights, media, peace, religious & faith groups, resource extraction, social change, Sudan, youth, children & education, and Zimbabwe.
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| ANGOLAN CENTERS FOR TEACHING PEACE (http://www.peace.ca/angola.htm) |
| ACTP is a non-government organization recognized by the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Angolan Republic.
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| APPENDIX E: TRAINING FOR PEACE OPERATIONS AS CONDUCTED IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE
PUBLISHED IN AFRICAN CAPABILITIES FOR TRAINING FOR PEACE OPERATIONS
(http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Other/AfricaCapab/AppendE.html) |
| Cited in “African Capabilities for Training for Peace Operation”, Cote d’Ivoire’s involvement with conflict resolution and peace operations in Africa from 1977. In addition there is information on L’ANAD, or the Accord de Non Aggression et D’Assistance en Matiere de Defense (Treaty of Non-Aggression, Assistance and Mutual Defence) signed by: Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo. Benin and Guinea Conakry had observer status at meetings of L’ANAD..
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| The BASES OF HUMANITARIAN THOUGHT IN THE PULAAR SOCIETY OF MAURITANIA AND SENEGAL (http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList169/065C533B8B188E4AC1256B66005C6AA8) |
| Dr. Ly Djibril discusses the secular traditions of respect for the individual and community in managing conflict and suffering on the African continent. The focus is on the reconciliation processes of the Haalpulaaren civilization of Senegal and Mauritania. Written also in French, Spanish, Arabic, and Portuguese.
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| BURKINA FASO - THE CASE OF NORBERT ZONGO (http://www.article19.org/docimages/843.htm) |
| The investigation of the death of Norbert Zongo, one Burkina Faso’s best known journalist and founding member of the Mouvement Burkinabiné des droits de l’homme et des peuples (MBDHP) [Burkinabé Movement for Human and Peoples’ Rights] created the development of a commission to investigate the violent conflicts occurring in Burkina Faso.
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| CODING NOTES: ZAIRE ' 90-'92 (http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cis/cews/database/Zaire/codenotes.doc) |
| "We graphed the case of Zaire (1990-1992) as made up of four principal episodes, distinguished by the events of a new constitution in July 1990 (end of Episode 1), the reaching of provisional agreements in March 1991 (end of Episode 2), and the National Conference on Democracy (end of Episode 3). Our coding of the conflict in Zaire ends in late 1992; violence continued after that date."
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| COUNTRY STUDIES. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS FEDERAL RESEARCH DIVISION (http://www.country-studies.com/mauritania/the-haidalla-regime.html) |
| Discussion on the Haidalla Regime peace treaty signed by Mauritania officials and Polisario of Algeria to end claim over Western Sahara.
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| DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: THE INTER-CONGOLESE DIALOGUE, AN OPPORTUNITY TO PUT HUMAN RIGHTS ON THE AGENDA (http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620032002?open&of=ENG-COD) |
| Site provides a 12 March 2002 document from the Amnesty International Document Library. “Amnesty International called today in a memorandum to the parties in the ongoing peace talks on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), known as the Inter-Congolese Dialogue, in Sun City, South Africa, for a binding commitment that justice and human rights will be at the heart of all agreements reached."
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| EISA - THE ELECTORAL INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (http://www.eisa.org.za/index.html) |
| “Promoting credible elections and democratic governance in Africa.” One of its program areas is conflict management, democracy and electoral education.
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| The END OF UGANDA'S MYSTIC REBEL? (http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/1231/p06s01-woaf.html) |
| From the Christian Science Monitor, December 31, 2004, issue, this article describes the process to welcome the child soldiers to the Acholi communities. “In the local Acholi tribe there's a traditional ceremony in which elders place an egg - the symbol of new life - on the ground. A repentant wrongdoer then steps on the egg. The act symbolizes the opening of a new life. The person is welcomed back into the village family. This and other ceremonies are being used to reintegrate former LRA soldiers, despite their awful acts. Pressured by local leaders, the government also offers legal amnesty to former fighters.”
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| ERITREA-ETHIOPIA CONFLICT PAGE: (http://dehai.org/conflict/index.html) |
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site is developed and maintained by a group of Eritrean-Americans in the Washington Metropolitan area. It is solely devoted to the Eritrean-Ethiopian border conflict that ensued in 1998. It consists of searchable articles about peace and reconciliation contributed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Asmara, the UN and individual Eritreans. The
site is strong only for events leading up to the year 2000.
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Final
Acts: A Guide to Preserving the Records of Truth Commissions
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/press/peterson_finalacts.pdf
Dr. Trudy Huskamp Peterson. Final Acts: A Guide to Preserving the Records of
Truth Commissions (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2005. 128 p.) Available in pdf version, this work is
a guide to questions of law, politics, physical preservation, and access regarding
materials generated by the 20 truth commissions that have completed the work
of examining and reporting on the abuses of deposed regimes.
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| The FINAL CALL (http://www.inithebabeandsuckling.com/Mistake.html) |
| This article indicates the healing process taking place between Ethiopia and Italy when the Italian president paid an official visit to Ethiopia in 1997. The President of Italy officially announced the invasion by Italy of Ethiopia in 1936 was a mistake. The return of the obelisk taken by the Italians during the occupation is mentioned.
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| GHANA NATIONAL RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (NRC) (http://www.nrcghana.org/dev/) |
| Ghana’s NRC was set up to establish an “accurate and complete historical record of violations and abuses of human rights” and to make recommendations for institutional reforms”. |
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| IGAD: SOMALIA PEACE PROCESS:
PRESS RELEASE AND COMMUNIQUES
(http://www.igad.org/somaliapress/somindex.htm) |
| The seven member states of IGAD - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda - cover an area of 5.2 Million sq. km and have a population of more than 160 Million. The IGAD region is very rich culturally due to its numerous ethnic groups, languages and religious practices. The region is highly affected by internal and external conflicts; therefore the joint peace and conflict prevention efforts of IGAD member states are crucial for a sustainable development of all countries. |
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| INFORMATION FOR JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION (http://www.ijr.org.za/videos.html) |
| “The Institute for Justice and Reconciliation was launched in May 2000 and is self-consciously located in post-TRC (Truth and Reconciliation Commission) South Africa. The Institute is committed to using the insights generated through its work in South Africa to engage in dialogue with other African countries.”
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| MINISTRY OF INFORMATION OF ETHIOPIA (http://www.moinfo.gov.et) |
| This website is managed by the Ethiopian government. It has searchable articles
which relate to reconciliation and peaceful settlement of disputes. News of peace and reconciliation may be accessed either in Amharic or in the English language. |
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| NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (NHRC). NIGERIA (http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/africa/nigeria/nigeria.html) |
| “On June 4, 1999, President Olusegun Obasanjo appointed a commission to investigate human rights abuses committed from January 1, 1994 until taking office on May 29, 1999. In formally inaugurating the commission on June 14, he extended the inquiry further into the past, to December 31, 1983, when President Shehu Shagari was deposed in a military coup.” Site includes a summary overview of the mandate and activities of the Commission. |
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| PEACE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE AND THE REVOLUTIONARY UNITED FRONT OF SIERRA LEONE (http://www.sierra-leone.org/lomeaccord.html) |
| “On July 7, 1999 the government of Sierra Leone and rebels signed a peace agreement brokered by the United Nations, Organization of African Unity (OAU), and ECOWAS, committed the RUF to lay down its arms in exchange for representation in a new government. It also included a general amnesty for all crimes committed during the civil war, and mandated the formation of a truth and reconciliation commission (TRC) and a national human rights commission”.
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| PROJECT PLOUGHSHARES (http://www.ploughshares.ca/CONTENT/ACR/ACR00/ACR00-Senegal.html) |
| Armed Conflicts Report of 2003 discusses the history of the conflict in the Casamance region of Senegal and that despite a peace agreement of 2001 signed between the government and the Casmance Movement of Democratic Forces(MFDC) fighting continues in that area of Senegal. Written also in French.
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| The REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE STATEHOUSE ONLINE (http://www.statehouse-sl.org/trc-fin-rep-oct5.html) |
| The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), one of the institutions mandated to be set up by the Lome Peace Agreement, presented its final report to President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah at a well-attended and impressive ceremony held at State House, Freetown, on October 5, 2004
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| RETURNING HOME TO A NORMAL LIFE? THE PLIGHT OF DISPLACED ANGOLANS, by Andrea Lari. (http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/papers/85/Paper85.htm) |
| Article appears in the Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper 85, February 2004.
“As the first successful attempt made by Angolans to end the conflict themselves, the ceasefire fixed the starting point for the urgent addressing of a series of military, political and humanitarian priorities. In fact, it contributed to the rebuilding of confidence amongst the 4.1 million internally displaced persons (IDP’s), 3 [million] at that time living in camps or scattered around urban areas throughout the country, and 450,000 refugees living in the neighbouring countries of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and Namibia. The millions of displaced Angolans represent important political and economic elements in the development and implementation by the government of reconstruction and regeneration policies throughout the country.
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| SCHOLARS OF PEACE-THE ISLAMIC TRADITION AND HISTORICAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN TIMBUKTU (http://www.sum.uio.no/research/mali/timbuktu/research/articles/conflictresolution.pdf) |
| This report discusses the methodology and processes of reconciliation used traditionally by African scholars and leaders of the Timbuktu region when managing community and government conflicts in perpetuating peace. Report by The Special Conflict Resolution Research Group in Mali Dr. Mahmoud Zouber, Abdoul Kader Haidara, Mamadou Diallo, Dr. Stephanie Diakité
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| The STATE OF ERITREA: MINISTRY OF INFORMATION (http://www.shabait.com) |
| This is the official website of the Eritrean government. It has several searchable articles pertinent to the issues of peace and reconciliation with Ethiopia, the Sudan and Yemen. This site contains articles in the Tigrina language also. Latest issues of local newspapers may also be accessed.
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| TRAINING FOR PEACE (http://www.trainingforpeace.org/) |
| The Training for Peace (TfP) in Southern Africa program, an international training and research program funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Corporation, contributes towards capacity building within the broader ambit of peace operations at the practical and conceptual level in the Southern African Development Community. Established in 1995, its main program activity consists of training of civilian peacekeeping and peace-building personnel, research and publishing, and policy development.
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| UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA) SITUATION REPORT NO.04 COTE D IVOIRE 24 FEBRUARY 2003 (http://www.cidi.org/humanitarian/hsr/03a/ixl45.html) |
| This is a discussion on issues surrounding the implementation of January 2003 Linas-Marcoussis Accord of Cote d’Ivoire.
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| UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE (http://www.usip.org/library/) |
| “The United States Institute of Peace is an independent non-partisan institution created by Congress to promote the prevention , management and peaceful resolution of international conflicts. Established in 1948, the Institute meets its Congressional mandate through an array of programs...” The Web Links for Ethiopia and Eritrea has several articles related to the various stages of peace and reconciliation between the two governments.
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| UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE (http://www.usip.org/library/truth.html#chad) |
| Site contains translated decree “Creating the Commission of Inquiry into the Crime and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habre, His Accomplices and /or Accessories“ December 29, 1990. This document includes information on the crimes committed during the eight-year rule of Hissein Habre.
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| UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE (http://www.usip.org/) |
| Established in 1984, the United States Institute of Peace is an independent, nonpartisan federal institution created by Congress to promote the prevention, management, and peaceful resolution of international conflicts. It meets its congressional mandate through programs, including research grants, fellowships, professional training, secondary through graduate level education programs, conferences and workshops, library services, and publications.
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| VIOLENCE, RECONCILIATION AND IDENTITY: THE REINTEGRATION OF LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY CHILD ABDUCTEES IN NORTHERN UGANDA / ANGELA VEALE AND AKI STAVROU
(http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/Monographs/No92/Contents.html) |
| Issued by the Institute for Security Studies (South Africa) as monograph no. 92, November 2003, each chapter is available separately in PDF format.
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| ZAIRE: HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENTS (http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Afw-11.htm) |
| "In 1992, for the first time, Zaire made real progress in the transition to democracy nominally begun in 1990, despite sustained attempts by President Mobutu Sese Seko to thwart this process. The year began with Mobutu's suspension of a National Conference called to discuss the nation's future."
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| ZAIRE: PREDICAMENT AND PROSPECTS: CHRONOLOGY: 1960-96 (http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/zaire11/chron11.html) |
| Chronology of the National Conference on Democracy 1991-1992. |
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