Collection Items
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 41 of Poland : a country study Union advocated rapid introduction of a freemarket system with relatively little state protection from its inevitable social stresses tighter monetary policy to stabilize the currency and much less government intervention in personal...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 42 of Poland : a country study World War II Thus early support for the independence of the non Russian Soviet republics was stated carefully to avoid antagoniz ing Russia In mid 1992 Russia accepted a troop withdrawal agree...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 43 of Poland : a country study After 1989 Poland entered two regional cooperation groupings of postcommunist East European states The first was the Central European Initiative CEI which originally included Austria Czechoslovakia Hungary Italy and Yugoslavia After the...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 44 of Poland : a country study liberalization of prices from state control deregulation of economic activity privatization and drastic industrial restructuring In tan dem with those steps would be ending wage indexation taxation of excessive wage increases and...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 45 of Poland : a country study optimistic government predictions The budget deficit center of great controversy in the Olszewski government was controlled enough in the first half of 1992 to fulfill IMF loan requirements The Suchocka government was...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 46 of Poland : a country study this trend positive because it signaled the prosperity of firms able to survive in a Western market environment Germany retained its usual place as Poland s top overall trad ing partner The...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 47 of Poland : a country study of privatization plans for their enterprises The pact also would install Poland s first organized debt relief plan to allow both debtor and creditor organizations to regain financial health The pact received...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 48 of Poland : a country study twenty national investment funds shares of which would be avail able to all adult Poles according to a complex distribution scheme The predominance of debtor firms in Poland s major heavy in...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 49 of Poland : a country study about 98 percent of Poles professed allegiance in early 1993 and which had gained enormous prestige in the communist era After ultimately winning the struggle to protect Polish spiritual life from the...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 50 of Poland : a country study Episcopate still possessed unprecedented political power and resisted strongly any policymaking democratization that would threaten its influence Although the episcopate moderated its official posi tions on some social questions individual priests used...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 51 of Poland : a country study lenders The main question was whether recognizable recovery could occur before the public abandoned its commitment to capitalist reform In politics Hanna Suchocka emerged as a strong leader respected by most of...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 52 of Poland : a country study advocates of a return to the state central planning of the communist era The representation thresholds in the election law of May 1993 were the main cause of this upheaval The law...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 53 of Poland : a country study of 1993 this arrangement promised a new struggle for power in volving personalities as much as policy The last months of the year included debate about which policies of the previous government...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 54 of Poland : a country study era continued to breed expression of animosity from parts of the Silesian German population toward the Poles Encouraged by ultranationalist groups in Germany an expanded Germanization movement included replacing Polish placenames in...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 55 of Poland : a country study 1994 Under these circumstances a final trade deficit of at least US2 billion was forecast for 1993 and domestic producers called for limitation of consumer goods imports in 1994 to improve the...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 56 of Poland : a country study Although no direct military threat existed at the end of 1993 internal conditions remained a vital concern to Poland s national security Although the outburst of crime that had accompanied the fall...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 57 of Poland : a country study Chapter 1 Historical Setting
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 58 of Poland : a country study Clio the muse of history from a sculpture in Warsaw s Saxon Gardens
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 59 of Poland : a country study The poles possess one of the richest and most venerable historical traditions of all European peoples Convention fixes the origins of Poland as a nation near the middle of the tenth century...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 60 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study each moving in a different direction to found a family of distinct but related peoples Fanciful elements aside this tale accurately describes the westward migration and gradual differentiation...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 61 of Poland : a country study Cathedral at Gniezno where Poland s first Roman Catholic archbishopric was established circa A D 1000 Courtesy Ronald D Bachman li 1025 Boleslaw won international recognition as the first king of a...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 62 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study the west and the kingdom of Bohemia to the south New foreign enemies appeared by the thirteenth century The Mongol inva sion cut a swath of destruction through...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 63 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting political uncertainty Nevertheless the accomplishments of the four teenth century began the ascent of the Polish state toward its histor ical zenith Integration into European Civilization Without question the most...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 64 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study LIVONIA COURLAND DENMARK PRUSSIA X Gdansk 8 Poznarr WIELKOPOLSKA Great Poland Wroctaw Prague BOHEMIA MALOPOLSKA Little Poland Krakow mbm Boundary of Poland at the death of Bolesfaw the...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 65 of Poland : a country study Fortress of Malbork seat of grand masters of the Teutonic Knights in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Courtesy Jean R Tartter Part of the old city wall of Krakow established in the fourteenth...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 66 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study The association produced prompt benefits in 1410 when the forces of PolandLithuania defeated the Teutonic Knights in battle at Grunwald Tannenberg at last seizing the upper hand in...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 67 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting The Government of PolandLithuania In other respects as well the distinctive features of Jagiellon Poland ran against the historical trends of early modern Europe Not the least of those features...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 68 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study Boundary of PolandLithuania j j Fiefs of the Polish crown and vassal states 1 466 F77 Lands of the Teutonic Knights Populated place Royal Prussia incorporated into Battle...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 69 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting ecclesiastical sentences for heresy For the next 130 years Poland remained solidly Roman Catholic while refusing to repress con tending faiths and providing refuge for a wide variety of religious...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 70 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study Boundary of PolandLithuania 1569 X I Polish fiefs ceded to Sweden 1660 Boundary between Poland and Lithuania fc Ceded to Poland by Muscovy 1619 at the Union of...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 71 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting male heir The Jagiellon Dynasty the strongest link between the halves of the state would end after his reign Accordingly the Union of Lublin of 1569 transformed the loose federation...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 72 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study Years War see Glossary which ended in 1648 the ensuing two decades subjected the country to one of its severest trials This color ful but ruinous interval the...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 73 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting campaigns against other powers Augustus II of Saxony r 1697 1733 who succeeded Jan Sobieski involved Poland in Peter the Great s war with Sweden incurring another round of invasion...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 74 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study Boundary of Poland I Annexed by Russia prior to partition 1 National capital Annexed by Prussia Populated place RUSSIA Country or region ISj Annexed by Austria Figure 5...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 75 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting longstanding proposal to carve territory from the commonwealth Catherine persuaded that Russia did not have the resources to con tinue unilateral domination of Poland agreed In 1772 Russia Prussia and...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 76 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study Figure 6 The Second Partition of Poland 1793 considerable stature under the new order In autocratic states such as Russia the democratic ideals of the constitution also threatened...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 77 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting 100 200 Kilometers 100 200 Miles A Boundary of Poland prior to partition Populated place RUSSIA Country or region Annexed by Russia Annexed by Prussia Annexed by Austria Figure 7...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 78 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study In a gesture of defiance a general Polish revolt broke out in 1794 under the leadership of Tadeusz Kosciuszko a military officer who had rendered notable service in...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 79 of Poland : a country study Historical Setting Bonaparte s armies hoping that in return the emperor would al low an independent Poland to reappear out of his conquests Although Napoleon promised more than he ever intended to...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01
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Book/Printed MaterialImage 80 of Poland : a country study Poland A Country Study Figure 8 Duchy of Warsaw 180713 and Congress Poland 1815 for folk cultures and manifested a general air of disdain for the con servative political order of postNapoleonic...
- Contributor: Library of Congress. Federal Research Division - Curtis, Glenn E. (Glenn Eldon)
- Date: 1994-01-01