Notes

1. Henry Varnum Poor, Manual of the Railroads of the United States for 1870-71 (New York: H.V. & H.W. Poor, 1870), p. xxviii.
   
2. James A. Ward, J. Edgar Thomson: Master of the Pennsylvania (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1980), p. 11.
   
3. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 18.
   
4. Thurman W. Van Metre, Transportation in the United States (Brooklyn: Foundation Press, 1950), p. 31.
   
5. The reports to these surveys have not been found. See Louis H. Haney, A Congressional History of Railways (1908), 1:111. See also Joseph Carrington Cabell, Notes Relative to the Route, Cost and Bearing of a Railway from Covington to the Head of Steamboat Navigation on the Kanawha River . . . (Addressed to Walter Gwynn, Chief Engineer, February 10, 1851.)
   
6. Report of the Engineers, on the Reconnaissance and surveys, made in reference to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road (Baltimore: Printed by W. Wooddy, 1828). William Howard, C.E., Stephen Harrison Long, Jonathan Knight, William Gibbs McNeill, Joshua Barney, and Isaac R. Trimble were the surveyors. Joshua Barney's "Map of the Country Embracing the Various Routes Surveyed for the Balt. & Ohio Rail Road by Order of the Board of Engineers" (Baltimore, 1828?, scale ca. 1:193,000, 27 x 61 cm.) was prepared to accompany the report.
   
7. Slason Thompson, A Short History of American Railways (Chicago: Bureau of Railway News and Statistics, 1925), p. 154.
   
8. Louis H. Haney, A Congressional History of Railways, 2 vols. (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1908-10; reprint ed., New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 1:234.
   
9. Memorial of Asa Whitney . . . Praying a Grant of Land, to Enable Him to Construct a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean (28th Congress, 2nd sess., Senate Doc. 69, Serial 451, Jan. 28, 1845).
   
10. Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Transmississippi West, 5 v. (San Francisco: Institute of Historical Cartography, 1957-63), 2:187.
    
11. John F. Stover, American Railroads (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), p. 53.
    
12. Gouverneur K. Warren, Memoir to Accompany the Map of the Territory of the United States from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Giving a Brief Account of Each of the Exploring Expeditions Since A.D. 1800, with a Detailed Description of the Method Adopted in Compiling the General Map (Washington: U.S. Congress, Senate, 1859), p. 78.
    
13. "Single Rail Railway," [With lithograph plate by Pendleton. Boston, April 30, 1827] No. t.p.; date from end of article.
    
14. David Woodward, The All-American Map (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), pp. 26-36.
    
15. Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean 1853-1856 (Washington, 1855-59). Published in a quarto set of thirteen volumes and commonly known as the "Pacific Railroad Surveys," it contains narratives of the explorations and accompanying maps of the surveyed routes.
    
16. Warren, Memoir, pp. 66-82.
    
17. Alfred Runte, "Pragmatic Alliance, Western Railroads and the National Parks," National Parks 48 (April 1974):14.
    
18. Haney, History of Railways, 2:13.
    
19. George Woolworth Colton, A Genealogical Record of the Descendants of Quartermaster George Colton (Philadelphia: Printed for private circulation, by John Milton Colton, 1912), p. 273.
    
20. Henry Varnum Poor, History of the Railroads and Canals of the United States of America (New York: John H. Schulz & Co., 1860), p. [vi].
    
21. Rand McNally and Co., [Untitled booklet distributed to customers by the company, circa 1879].
    
22. Rand McNally and Company, Railway Guide the Travelers' Hand Book, (Chicago, 1873), p. xvii, and "A Tradition is Born . . . Rand McNally's First Maps," Ranally World (December 1962), p. 8.
    
23. Ranally World (February to June 1956) and Andrew McNally III, The World of Rand McNally (New York: Newcomen Society of North America, 1956).
    
24. Rand McNally and Co., [Untitled booklet distributed to customers by the company, circa 1879].