Exhibition Shall Not Be Denied: Women Fight for the Vote

Hear Us Roar: Victory, 1918 and Beyond

Women have suffered agony of soul which you can never comprehend, that you and your daughters might inherit political freedom. That vote has been costly. Prize it!

—Carrie Chapman Catt, 1920

Suffragists’ ongoing acts of civil disobedience, their extensive and strategic lobbying of Congress and the president, and women’s wartime contributions led to Woodrow Wilson’s endorsement of the Nineteenth Amendment and its passage in the House of Representatives in January 1918. Securing enough votes in the Senate took until June 1919, at which point attention shifted to the states for a new and exhausting ratification campaign. After Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment and suffragists had secured the required three-fourths majority of the states, the amendment was added to the U.S. Constitution on August 26, 1920. Three months later, in a presidential election year, millions of women across the country could vote for the first time.

The National American Woman Suffrage Association quickly transformed into the League of Women Voters with an emphasis on voter education, citizen participation, and legal, economic, and educational advancement of women, which continues to this day. Simultaneously, the National Woman’s Party introduced the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) hoping to secure further rights for women; the ERA cleared the Senate in 1972 but remains unratified. A remarkably hard-fought accomplishment, the Nineteenth Amendment was just the beginning of successive achievements, as waves of women activists drew strength and inspiration from the suffragists who had preceded them and had furthered the nation’s democratic ideal of equality for all.

House and Senate Passage Leads An Exhausting Ratification Campaign

Ratification and Beyond

House and Senate Passage Leads An Exhausting Ratification Campaign

I wish you to know what faith is reposed in you, and how earnestly twenty million women are waiting for political freedom.

—Jeannette Rankin, 1918

Continued demonstrations and public sympathy for suffrage prisoners became a liability for the Wilson administration. The NWP’s dogged protests along with years of intense lobbying by the NWP and NAWSA and a last-minute plea from Representative Jeannette Rankin forced the president to support the amendment before a critical House vote in January 1918. It was increasingly difficult for him to ignore women’s contributions to the war effort and the potential impact of women voters in the upcoming elections. Opponents successfully delayed passage in the Senate, so suffragists continued to lobby, protest, and keep watch fires burning. The amendment sailed through the House again on May 21, 1919, and on June 4, 1919, the Senate, now with a Republican majority, passed it. NAWSA immediately mobilized its state ratification committees and pressed governors to convene special legislative sessions.

First Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin Lobbies President Wilson

Rep. Jeanette Rankin of Montana, left, reading The Suffragist, Washington, ca. 1917–1918. Photograph. NWP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (114.00.00)

Exhibition Items

Ratification and Beyond

I consider myself the first woman victim after the Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment north of the Mason & Dixon Line.

—Mary Church Terrell, 1920

Within four months of congressional passage in June 1919, seventeen states had ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, but victory required another nineteen states to approve the measure. After a wild and draining campaign in Tennessee, the thirty-sixth state was won. On August 26, 1920, Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby signed the amendment into law, enfranchising millions of American women who had not previously had the right to vote. Yet this victory was limited. The amendment did not cover Native Americans, women living in some of the U.S. territories, women of Asian descent, and others excluded from obtaining citizenship. In addition, many African American women were systematically prevented from voting, notably in the South, until the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Extending women’s rights, through educated use of their votes and efforts to pass an equal rights amendment, began immediately after ratification and continues to this day.