Prologue

• United States Constitution. Philadelphia: Claypoole and Dunlap, September 9, 1787. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (002.00.00)
• Paul Revere. The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King Street Boston on March 5th 1770 by a Party of the 29th Regt. Engraving, 1770. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (287.00.00)
• Henry Laurens to George Washington, March 16, 1779. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (288.00.00)
• John Trumbull, artist; A. Hoffy, engraver. The Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17th 1775. Philadelphia: P. S. Duval, 1840. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (291.00.00)
• Prince Hall. A Charge Delivered to the African Lodge, June 24, 1797. Boston: Benjamin Edes, 1797. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library or Congress (290.00.00)
• From a drawing by John Pole; Abraham L. Pennock, engraver. Captain Paul Cuffee, Mason & Maas, 1812. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (292.00.00)
• John Norman. A Plan of the City of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, ca. 1777. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (294.00.00)
• The Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania from 1682–1801. Chapter DCCCLXXXI. An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery. Law Library, Library of Congress (293.00.00)
• Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint-Mémin. Theodore Sedgwick. Philadelphia, 1801. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (295.00.00)
• Paul Finkelman, ed. Abolitionists in Northern Courts. The Pamphlet Literature. Series III: Slavery, Race, and the American Legal System. “The case of Nathaniel Jennison for Attempting to Hold a Negro as a Slave in Massachusetts in 1781.” Clark, NJ: Law Book Exchange, 2007. Law Library, Library of Congress (296.00.00)
• Bishops of the A. M. E. Church. Boston: J. H. Daniels, ca. 1876. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (297.00.00)
• Absalom Jones. Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia this Year 1793: and the Refutation of Some Censures, Thrown upon Them in some Late Publications. Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1794. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (298.00.00)
• Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). A sales contract between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for John Freeman, April 19, 1809. Autograph manuscript. Carter G. Woodson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (003.00.00)
• Daily National Intelligencer, January 11, 1814. Serial and Government Publications Division Division, Library of Congress (300.00.00)
• Jehudi Ashmun. Map of the West Coast of Africa from Sierra Leone to Cape Palmas, including the Colony of Liberia. Philadelphia: A. Finley, 1830. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (299.00.00)
• American Colonization Society certificate for James Madison, 1816. James Madison Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (302.00.00)
• American Colonization Society certificate copper engraving plate. American Colonization Society Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (303.00.00)
• Journal of Daniel Coker, 1820. Peter Force Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (301.00.00)
• The Liberator, July 14, 1832. Facsimile. Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress (304.00.00)
• J. Notman. William Lloyd Garrison. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (307.00.00)
• Declaration of Anti-Slavery Convention Assembled in Philadelphia, December 4, 1833. American Anti-Slavery Society Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (308.00.00)
• Destruction by Fire of Pennsylvania Hall, the New Building of the Abolition society on the Night of 17th May. Philadelphia: J. T. Bowen, 1838. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (310.00.00)
• Alexander Hay Ritchie, engraver. Frederick Douglass. Hartford: Hartford Publishing Company, 1868. Reproduction. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (309.00.00)
• Charles Sumner. Equality Before the Law: Unconstitutionality of Separate Colored Schools in Massachusetts. Washington: F. & J. Rives & Geo. A. Bailey, 1870. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (311.00.00)
• Dred Scott and wife, Harriet. New York: Century Company, June 1887. Reproduction. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (313.00.00)
• Thomas Nast, artist. The Emancipation of the Negros, January 1863—The Past and the Future. Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1863. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (005.01.00)
• Watch Meeting Dec. 31, 1862—Waiting for the Hour. Boston: Beard & Mosley, ca. 1863. Carte de visite. William A. Gladstone Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (314.00.00)
• E. Knoble and Theodore Schrader. Emancipation Ordinance of Missouri. An Ordinance Abolishing Slavery in Missouri, 1865. Lithograph. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (005.00.00)
• Education among the Freedmen. Broadside, ca. 1866–1870. Printed Ephemera Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (315.00.00)
• New-England Freedman’s Aid Society to the Colored People of the South. Boston, September 1, 1865. Pamphlet. Printed Ephemera Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (316.00.00)
• Currier and Ives. The First Colored Senator and Representatives—In the 41st and 42nd Congress of the United States. New York: Currier & Ives, 1872. Lithograph. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (007.00.00)
• Edward Windsor Kemble (1862–1931). Congress 14th Amendment 2nd section. Drawing, ink and scraping out over graphite underdrawing, 1902. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (264.00.00)
• James C. Beard. The Fifteenth Amendment, Celebrated May 19th, 1870. New York: Thomas Kelly, 1870. Hand-colored lithograph with watercolor. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (006.00.00)
• Supreme Court of the United States. Civil Rights Cases. New York: Banks & Brothers Law Publishing, 1884. Law Library, Library of Congress (008.00.00)
• C. M. Battey. Booker T. Washington. Photograph, ca. 1890. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (010.00.00)
• Addison Scurlock. Mary Church Terrell. Photograph, ca. 1920. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (012.00.00)
• Henry Gannett. Statistical Atlas of the United States, Based upon the Results of the Eleventh Census. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1898. Printed atlas. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, (015.00.00)
• Supreme Court of the United States. Plessy v. Ferguson. New York: Banks & Brothers Law Publishing, 1896. Law Library, Library of Congress (014.00.00)
• Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Reproduction, created between 1940–1960. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (252.00.00)
• C. M. Battey. W. E. B. Du Bois. Photographic print, ca. 1919. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (016.00.00)
• Niagara Movement Founders. Photograph, 1905. Robert McNeil Family Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (017.00.00)
• Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954). “What the National Association [of Colored Women] Has Meant to Colored Women.” Typescript, n.d. Mary Church Terrell Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (013.00.00)

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The Segregation Era (1900–1939)

• William English Walling, Chairman of the NAACP Executive Committee (1910–1911), 1906. Reproduction. NAACP Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (317.00.00)
• Mary White Ovington, ca. 1910. Reproduction. NAACP Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (318.00.00)
• Platform adopted by the National Negro Committee. Printed document, 1909. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (019.00.00)
• Albert Pillsbury to NAACP Secretary Mary White Ovington, July 26, 1910. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (021.00.00)
• Chain gang of convicts engaged in road work, Pitt County, North Carolina. Autumn 1910. Reproduction, 1910. FSA/OWI Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (258.00.00)
• Arthur Spingarn. Photograph, between 1935 and 1945. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (020.00.00)
• Committee on Urban Conditions among Negroes. Minutes of the first meeting, September 29, 1910. National Urban League Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (022.00.00) Courtesy of the National Urban League
• Guinn v. United States. Board minutes, June 3, 1913. Typescript. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (023.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• “NO DOGS, NEGROES, MEXICANS.” Lonestar Restaurant Association, Dallas, Texas. Printed “Jim Crow” sign, n.d. Black History Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (024.00.00)
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. A Letter to President Woodrow Wilson on Federal Race Discrimination, August 15, 1913. Printed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (025.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Silent protest parade in New York City against the East St. Louis riots. Photograph, 1917. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (254.01.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• In the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term, 1916 [no.231] Charles H. Buchanan v. William Warley. Pamphlet. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (026.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Federal Law Against Lynchings, Speech of Hon. L. C. Dyer of Missouri in the House of Representatives, May 7, 1918. Pamphlet. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (255.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Lillian E. B. Johnson. Report of the Detroit Branch of the NAACP, September 1921. Typescript. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (256.00.00)
• National Photo Company. Ku Klux Klan. Reproduction, ca. 1921–1922. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (266.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Walter Francis White. Photograph, between 1920 and 1940. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (028.00.00)
• Flag flown at NAACP headquarters, ca. 1920. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (030.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• The New Negro: An Interpretation. Edited by Alain Locke; book decoration and portraits by Winold Reiss (1886–1953). New York: A. and C. Boni, 1925. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (033.00.00)
• Governor Edwin P. Morrow Signing the Anthony Amendment—Kentucky was the Twenty-Fourth State to Ratify, January 6, 1920. Frankfort, Kentucky: Gretter Studio, 1920. Photograph. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (029.00.00)
• L. W. Washington to Robert W. Bagnall, August 2, 1924. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (032.00.00)
• Fred C. Knollenberg to NAACP Secretary Walter White, October 20, 1932. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (036.01.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Clifford Kennedy Berryman (1869–1949). Recovery, Recovery of Thee I Sing! Drawing, July 11, 1933. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (037.00.00)
• Joint Committee on National Recovery. Summary of Work Already Accomplished and Suggested Next Steps in Program for the Joint Committee on National Recovery, September 15, 1933. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (038.00.00)
• Gordon Parks. Daytona Beach, Florida, Bethune-Cookman College. Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, founder and former president and director of the National Youth Administration, Negro Relations. Photograph, January 1943. FSA/OWI Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (039.00.00)
• Nathan R. Margold. Preliminary Report to the Joint Committee Supervising the Expenditure of the 1930 Appropriation by the American Fund for Public Service. Typescript, [1931]. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (035.00.00)
• Charles Houston (1895–1950). Photograph, November 22, 1939. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (042.00.00)
• Memorandum for the Joint Committee of the NAACP and the American Fund for Public Service, Inc., October 26, 1934. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (043.00.00)
• Eleanor Roosevelt to NAACP Secretary Walter White, March 19, 1936. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (041.00.00)
• Gordon Parks. Portrait of A. Philip Randolph, labor leader. Photograph, November 1942. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (045.00.00)
• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Agreement with the Pullman Company, 1937. Pamphlet. A. Philip Randolph Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (044.00.00) Courtesy of the A. Philip Randolph Institute
• Charles H. Houston to Walter White, May 24, 1938. Autograph letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (046.00.00)
• Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993), between 1935 and 1940. Photographic print. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (048.00.00)
• Thurgood Marshall to Arthur B. Spingarn and Walter White, July 27, 1939. Memorandum. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (049.00.00)

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World War II and Post War (1940–1949)

• A. Philip Randolph to NAACP Secretary Walter White, March 18, 1941. Facsimile. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (050.01.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• National Refugee Service, Inc., Employment Division. Executive Order 8802. Advertisement, 1941. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (051.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Lt. Col. Knapp awarding Air Medal to Kenje Ogata. Photograph, ca. 1944. Kenje Ogata Collection, Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (052.01.00)
• Kenje Ogata to Wilma Ogata, February 25, 1944. Holograph letter. Kenje Ogata Collection, Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (052.02.00)
• Purpose of the NAACP Washington Bureau. Memorandum, 1942. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (053.00.00)
• Walter Albertin. James Farmer. Photograph, 1963. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (055.00.00)
• Congress of Racial Equality. CORE Action Discipline, n.d. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (054.00.00)
• The Committee on Fair Employment Practices. FEPC: How It Operates. The Committee on Fair Employment Practices, 1944. Pamphlet. Washington D.C.: A. Philip Randolph Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (056.00.00)
• National Council for a Permanent FEPC. Digest of Findings from a Working Conference of Local Councils held September 12 and 13, 1945, in Washington, D.C., by the National Council for a Permanent FEPC. Anna Arnold Hedgeman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (058.00.00)
• Thurgood Marshall’s “Saving the Race” Memorandum to the NAACP legal staff, November 17, 1941. Memorandum. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (059.00.00)
• Ellis Ross. Snapshot photographs, ca. 1944–1945. Ellis Ross Collection, Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (061.01.00, 061.02.00, 061.03.00)
• Jackie Robinson to Ralph Norton, May 5, 1947. Autograph letter. Jackie Robinson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (063.00.00)
• New York Amsterdam News, National Edition, April 19, 1947. Newspaper Section, Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress (064.00.00)
• New York Amsterdam News, National Edition, September 27, 1947. Newspaper Section, Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress (064.01.00)
• NAACP Secretary Walter White soliciting funds to support the litigation of Morgan v. Virginia, May 20, 1946. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (062.00.00)
• Bayard Rustin (1912–1987). Photograph, ca. 1950. Bayard Rustin Papers, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (066.00.00) Courtesy of Walter Naegle
• George M. Houser and Bayard Rustin. Journey of Reconciliation. Typescript, 1948. Bayard Rustin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (067.00.00) Courtesy of Walter Naegle
• The Journey of Reconciliation—first “Freedom Ride”—standing outside office of Attorney S. W. Robinson, Richmond, Virginia. Photograph, 1947. Bayard Rustin Papers, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (068.00.00) Courtesy of Walter Naegle
• To Secure These Rights: A Brief Summary of the Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1947. Pamphlet. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (284.00.00)
• George L. Vaughn to Thurgood Marshall concerning Shelley v. Kraemer, January 13, 1947. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (070.00.00)
• Democratic Platform, 1948. Pamphlet. Joseph Rauh Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (071.00.00)
• Executive Order 9980, July 26, 1948. Typed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (072.00.00)
• Executive Order 9981, July 26, 1948. Typed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (073.00.00)
• Joseph L. Rauh, Jr. Photograph, between 1950 and 1960. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (074.00.00)
• The Civil Rights Map of America. Printed map. New York: Oceana Publications, 1949. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (076.00.00)
• NAACP Acting Secretary Roy Wilkins to Officers of Branches, State Conferences, Youth Councils and College Chapters, October 21, 1949. Memorandum. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (075.00.00)

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Civil Rights Era (1950–1963)

• Roy Wilkins. New York: M. Smith Studio, between 1940 and 1950. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (078.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Fact Sheet on Cloture. Typescript, ca. 1951. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (079.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Harry T. Moore. Photograph, ca. 1950. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (249.00.00)
• Gordon Parks (1912–2006). Ralph Ellison. Photograph, ca. 1950. Ralph Ellison Papers, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (081.00.00)
• Ralph Waldo Ellison (1914–1994). Draft page of Invisible Man. Transcript, 1952. Ralph Ellison Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (080.00.00)
• Bayard Rustin to supporters of the War Resisters League, December 1, 1953. Bayard Rustin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (117.00.00) Courtesy of Walter Naegle
• Brief for Appellants in the Cases of Brown v. Board of Education: Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education, Kansas et al., 1953. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (082.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• George E. C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit congratulating each other on the Brown decision, May 17, 1954. Photograph. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (083.00.00)
• Earl Warren’s reading copy of Brown opinion, May 17, 1954. Earl Warren Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (084.00.00)
• Harold H. Burton to Earl Warren, May 17, 1954. Holograph letter. Earl Warren Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (84.01.00)
• Billy Taylor. “I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free.” Holograph manuscript, 1954. Billy Taylor Papers, Music Division, Library of Congress (085.00.00)
• Paul Robeson to A. Philip Randolph, September 24, 1955. Telegram. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (087.00.00) Courtesy of the A. Philip Randolph Institute
• Emmett Till and his mother, Mamie Till-Bradley. Photograph, ca. 1950. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (086.00.00)
• Medgar W. Evers. Photograph, between 1950 and 1963. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (088.00.00)
• Medgar W. Evers. Annual Report Mississippi State Office National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1955. Typescript. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (089.00.00, 089.01.00)
• Rosa Parks’ arrest record, December 5, 1955. Frank Johnson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (091.00.00)
• Mrs. Rosa Parks being fingerprinted in Montgomery, Alabama. Photograph, 1956. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (090.00.00)
• Rosa Parks’ notes concerning the early days of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, [1955]. Autograph notes. Rosa Parks Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (277.00.00, 277.00.01) Courtesy of the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development
• Montgomery Fair date book with Rosa Parks’ notes concerning the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1956. Rosa Parks Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (322.00.00) Courtesy of the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development
• NAACP Baltimore Branch flyer advertising a lecture by Rosa Parks at the Sharp Street Methodist Church, September 23, 1956. Rosa Parks Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division (321.00.00) Courtesy of the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development
• Associated Press Photo. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Photograph, 1964. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (092.00.00)
• Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, Arabic edition, 2008. Comic Book Collection, Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress (093.00.00)
• Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, 1957. Comic Book Collection, Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress (093.01.00)
• Bayard Rustin. Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Non-Violent Integration, Working Paper # 1, [1956]. Bayard Rustin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (096.00.00) Courtesy of Walter Naegle
• Bayard Rustin. Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Non-Violent Integration, Working Paper # 7, [1956]. Bayard Rustin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (096.01.00)
• Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr., (1911–1984), director of the NAACP Washington Bureau, February 28, 1957. Reproduction. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (098.00.00) Courtesy of NAACP
• Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. Program, 1957. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (099.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Seated on speakers’ platform at May 17 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in Washington, D.C. (left to right): Roy Wilkins, A. Philip Randolph, Rev. Thomas Kilgore, Jr., and Martin Luther King, Jr., May 17, 1957. Gelatin silver print. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (099.01.00)
• Thomas J. O’Halloran. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, Senate majority leader. Reproduction, September, 1955. U.S. News and World Report Magazine Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (100.00.00)
• U.S. Congress. Public Law 85-315, 85th Congress, H.R. 6127 (Civil Rights Act of 1957), September 9, 1957. Printed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (101.00.00) Courtesy of NAACP
• Herblock. “Listen—I got a good mind to walk out again.” October 21, 1957. Reproduction. Herbert L. Block Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (280.01.00)
• Theodore W. Kheel to NAACP Executive Secretary Roy Wilkins, September 25, 1957. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (102.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Ella Baker. Photograph, between 1942 and 1946. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (097.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Daisy Bates to NAACP Executive Secretary Roy Wilkins, December 17, 1957. Typed letter. NAACP Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (103.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Cecil Layne. Little Rock Nine and Daisy Bates posed in living room. Photograph, ca. 1957. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (104.00.00) Courtesy of Barbara Layne-Hicks
• Youth March for Integrated Schools, Washington, D.C., October 25, 1958. Program. Bayard Rustin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (105.00.00) Courtesy of Walter Naegle
• Charles Mingus. “Fables of Faubus.” Holograph Manuscript, 1959. Charles Mingus Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (106.00.00) Courtesy of Sue Mingus
• Charles Mingus. Mingus Ah Um. New York: Columbia, 1959. Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, Library of Congress (268.00.00) Courtesy of Sue Mingus
• The Day They Changed Their Minds. New York: NAACP, March, 1960. Pamphlet. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (107.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Max Roach (1924−2007). “We Insist! Max Roach’s Freedom Now Suite.” Holograph manuscript score, 1960. Max Roach Papers, Music Division, Library of Congress (109.00.00)
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Statement of Purpose, 1960. James Forman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (108.00.00) Courtesy of the SNCC Legacy Project
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, March 2, 1960. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (110.00.00)
• President John F. Kennedy. Photograph, 1961. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (111.00.00)
• Herbert Hill. Photograph, between 1950 and 1960. NAACP Records, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (094.00.00)
• Equal Employment Opportunity in Federal Government on Federal Contracts: Executive Order 10925. . . . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963. Pamphlet. Herbert Hill Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (251.00.00)
• Report on President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (Rough Draft), 1961. Typescript. Herbert Hill Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (95.00.00)Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (95.00.00)
• Patsy T. Mink. Photograph, ca. 1960. Congressional Portrait Photographic Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (113.00.00) Used with permission of Gwendolyn Mink.
• Patsy T. Mink’s handwritten notes for speech given in support of the civil rights plank at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. Envelope, July 12, 1960. Patsy T. Mink Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (114.00.00) Used with permission of Gwendolyn Mink.
• James Farmer to A. Philip Randolph, April 4, 1961. Typed letter. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (116.00.00)
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Chronology of Events Involving Freedom Rides/Actions of Organizations and Agencies [1961]. Typescript. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (118.00.00)
• Background Map: 1961 Freedom Rides. [New York]: Associated Press Newsfeature, ca. C E 1962. Printed map. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress (119.00.00)
• Whitney M. Young, Jr., executive director, National Urban League. Photograph, n.d. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (115.00.00)
• Robert F. Kennedy. Photograph, n.d. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (286.00.00)
• Transcript of telephone conversation between NAACP’s Georgia Field Secretary Vernon Jordan, and Director of Branches Gloster B. Current, December 14, 1961. Typescript. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (121.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Joe Alper. Freedom Singers. Photograph, February 1963. James Forman Papers, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (122.00.00)
• Statement of Bernice Johnson concerning her arrest and imprisonment for demonstrating in Albany, Georgia, on December 13, 1961. Typescript. James Forman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (123.00.00)
• First Status Report Voter Education Project, Copy No. 20, September 20, 1962. Typescript. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (125.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• John A. Morsell, assistant to NAACP executive secretary, to President John F. Kennedy requesting the assistance of the federal government, September 21, 1962. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (126.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Birmingham News, October 1, 1962. Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress (127.00.00)\
• St. Louis Globe-Democrat (Missouri), October 1, 1962. Newspaper Section, Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress (127.01.00)
• Patricia Anna Johnson. James Forman, executive secretary, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Photograph, ca. 1962. James Forman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (128.00.00)
• Thurgood Marshall to U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy, November 19, 1963. Typed letter (carbon copy). Thurgood Marshall Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (135.00.00)
• Louis Martin. Civil Rights, Kennedy and Johnson administrations, April 1961–May 16, 1967. Autograph notebook. Louis Martin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (136.00.00) Courtesy of Gertrude Martin
• Robert L. Khudsen. Louis E. Martin and President Kennedy, February 12, 1963. Photograph. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (320.00.00)   
• Julian Bond to A. Philip Randolph, April 1, 1963. Typed letter. Bayard Rustin Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (137.00.00)
• Julian Bond and Stokely Carmichael conducting a news conference in the parking lot of a filling station in Atlanta . . . in support of Rep. Adam Clayton Powell. Gelatin silver print, January 9, 1967. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (138.01.00)
• Warren K. Leffler. Governor George Wallace attempting to block integration of the University of Alabama. Photograph, June 11, 1963. U.S. News and World Report Magazine Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (139.00.00)
• John F. Kennedy. President John F. Kennedy’s speech on civil rights, June 11, 1963. Pamphlet. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (140.00.00)
• U.S. Congress. 88th Congress, 1st Session, House of Representatives, Document No. 124, Civil Rights—Message from the President of the United States, June 19, 1963. Printed document. Emanuel Celler Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (141.00.00)
• Bruce Davidson. Birmingham, Alabama. Photograph, 1963. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (130.00.00) © Bruce Davidson/Magnum Photos
• Bruce Davison. Civil rights demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama. Prayers outside municipal building. Photograph, 1963. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (130.01.00)
• Roy Wilkins to Branches, Youth Councils and State Conferences (Action Memo, No. 2—Civil Rights Bills), July 25, 1963. Memorandum. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (133.00.00)
• James Kriegsmann. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. (1908–1972). Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (273.00.00
• Clarence Mitchell. Notes on conversation with Clarence Mitchell on Powell’s proposal to use Calendar Wednesday for FEPC and withholding of funds, July 29, 1963. Typescript. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (132.00.00)
• Bayard Rustin, Tom Kahn, and Norman Hill. Preamble [March on Washington], January, 1963. Typescript. Tom Kahn Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (142.00.00)
• United Press International. Plan March Strategy. Gelatin silver print, August 3, 1963. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photograph Division, Library of Congress (134.00.00)
• Martin Luther King, Jr. Copy of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech submitted for copyright registration, August 28, 1963. Typescript. Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (146.00.00)
• Fred Ward. Marching for Freedom. Color photographic print, August 28, 1963. White House News Photographers Association Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (265.00.00) © Fred Ward
• David Johnson. We Demand. 1963. Gelatin silver print. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (265.01.00) © David Johnson
• Roosevelt Carter. Roosevelt Carter. Paul Newman, and Sammy Davis, Jr.; Sidney Poitier and Burt Lancaster; Charlton Heston, Harry Belafonte, Burt Lancaster, and Josephine Baker at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963. Facsimile of photographs. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (270.00.00, 270.01.00, 270.02.00, 144.00.00) © Estate of Roosevelt H. Carter
• Bob Adelman. John Lewis, leader of Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) rises to speak at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, August 28, 1963. Photograph. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (257.00.00) © Bob Adelman
• John Lewis and James Forman. Text of speech to be delivered by John Lewis, SNCC chairman, at the Lincoln Memorial, August 28, 1963 (original and revised). Typescript. James Forman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (147.00.00, 148.00.00)
• Warren K. Leffler. Civil rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy in the oval office of the White House after the March on Washington, D.C., August 28, 1963. Photograph. U.S. News and World Report Magazine Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (150.00.00)
• UPI. Casket with the body of 14-year-old Carole Robertson, one of four girls killed in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama. Photograph, 1963. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (152.00.00)
• James Baldwin (1924–1987). The Fire Next Time. New York: Dial, 1963. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (154.00.00)
• Senator Hubert Humphrey to National Urban League Executive Director Whitney Young, September 5, 1963. Typed letter. National Urban League Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (155.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to the Honorable Emanuel Celler, Chairman, U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee. Typed letter, October 18, 1963. Emanuel Celler papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (156.00.00)
• A. Phillip Randolph to Jacqueline Kennedy, November 22, 1963. Typed letter. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (157.00.00) Courtesy of the A. Philip Randolph Institute
• Louis Martin. Statement concerning the death of President John F. Kennedy, n.d. Typescript. Louis Martin Papers. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (157.01.00) Courtesy of Gertrude Martin
• Herblock. Long Shadow. Published in the Washington Post, November 25, 1963. Graphite, India ink, and opaque white over graphite underdrawing. Herbert L. Block Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (158.00.00)
• President Lyndon Johnson to Joseph Rauh concerning the Kennedy civil rights bill, December 11, 1963. Typed letter. Joseph Rauh Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (159.00.00)

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Associate Justice William O. Douglas (1898–1980). Motion to Proceed in Helen Butts v. Albertis Harrison, Governor (1966). Typed document, August 12, 1965. William O. Douglas Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (202.00.00)
• Joseph Rauh. Notes on Meeting: President Johnson, Clarence Mitchell and Joe Rauh, January 21, 1964. Typescript. Joseph Rauh Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (160.00.00)
• Chairman Howard W. Smith gavels the House Rules Committee to order, shortly before vote on President Johnson’s foreign aid bill. Photograph, 1963. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (161.00.00)
• U.S. Congress. H.R. 7152 in the House of Representative 88th Congress, 2nd Session, February 10, 1964. Printed document. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (162.00.00)
• The Honorable Emanuel Celler, chairman, Judiciary Committee U.S. House of Representatives. Photograph, n.d. Emanuel Celler Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (163.00.00)
• Roy Wilkins to The Honorable Emanuel Celler, Chairman, Judiciary Committee U.S. House of Representatives, February 21, 1964. Typed letter. Emanuel Celler Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (164.00.00)
• Senate Democratic Majority Leader Mike Mansfield. Photograph, ca. 1968. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (165.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, March 12, 1964. Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (167.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Clarence Mitchell. Monthly Report of the Washington Bureau, March 5, 1964. Typescript. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (166.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Richard Brevard Russell, Jr. Photograph, n.d. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (168.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, March 12, 1964 (Senate Letter No. 1). Typed letter and attachment. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (170.00.00, 170.01.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Arnold Aronson, secretary, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights to Cooperating Organizations regarding senators who support the civil rights bill, (MEMO: No. 29), March 16, 1964. Memorandum. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (171.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins concerning the vote in the Senate to defeat Senator Wayne Morse’s motion to send the civil rights bill to the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Senator James Eastland, March 27, 1964 (Senate Letter No. 3). NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (172.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• James O. Eastland. Photograph, 1956. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (173.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, April 3, 1964 (Senate Letter No. 4). Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (174.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Gib Crockett. If they don't watch out they're gonna ruin it! 1964. Graphite, crayon, and India ink drawing. Published in the Washington Star, April 15, 1964. Art Wood Collection of Cartoon and Caricature, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (281.01.00)
• Hubert H. Humphrey. Photograph, n.d. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (175.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Gib Crockett. The switchman knew when he felt the bump, that the man at the throttle was Hubert Hump! 1964. Ink brush, crayon, and opaque white drawing. Published in the Washington Star, March 30, 1964. Art Wood Collection of Cartoon and Caricature, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (269.00.00
• Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, of Illinois (right) tugs on the arm of Majority Leader Mike Mansfield, of Montana. . . . In the center is Minority Whip Thomas Kuchel, of California. Photograph, June 19, 1964. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (176.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, April 10, 1964 (Senate Letter No. 5). Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (177.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Everett McKinley Dirksen. Photograph, n.d. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (178.00.00)
• NAACP Washington Bureau. Dirksen Amendments to Title VII, April 22, 1964. Memorandum. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (179.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, April 24, 1964 (Senate Letter No. 7). Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (180.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Howard Brodie (1915−2010). Seminary students vigil length of civil rights debate (across street from Lincoln Memorial), May 3, 1964. Drawing. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (181.00.00) © Estate of Howard Brodie
• Jane Horn to the Voices of Civil Rights Project, June 5, 2004. Letter. Voices of Civil Rights Project Collection, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (253.00.00) Courtesy of Jane Horn
• Howard Brodie. Senate Civil Rights debate, Gallery. Crayon drawing, 1964. Howard Brodie Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (181.01.00) © Estate of Howard Brodie
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, May 8, 1964 (Senate Letter No. 9). Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (183.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Senate Republican Leader Everett Dirksen (D-IL) discusses the civil rights bill with the Democratic whip Sen. Hubert Humphrey (D-MN) and Attorney General Robert Kennedy. Photograph, May 16, 1964. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (184.00.00)
• Roy Wilkins to Senator Barry Goldwater, May 13, 1964. Transcript of telegram. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (185.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins concerning Senator Everett Dirksen’s support of the civil rights bill, (Senate Letter No. 11). Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (186.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Letter from Roy H. Millenson to the Voices of Civil Rights Project, December 9, 2003. Voices of Civil Rights Project Collection, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (275.00.00) Courtesy of Roy Millenson
• Gib Crockett. “It appears he doesn’t favor amendments, after all.” Drawing, ink brush and crayon, with opaque white over graphite, May 4, 1964. Art Wood Collection of Cartoon and Caricature, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (281.00.00)
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy, June 2, 1964. Typed letter and memorandum. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (187.00.00, 187.01.00)
• Bill Mauldin (1921–2003). "We’re a hundred years late, but we’re rolling." Published in the Chicago Sun-Times, June 14, 1964. Drawing. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (188.00.00)
• Herblock. “Busiest time we’ve had in years,” 1964. Graphite and India ink drawing. Published in the Washington Post, June 12, 1964. Herbert L. Block Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (188.01.00)
• Charred remains of station wagon driven by missing civil rights workers. Photograph. New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (189.00.00)
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. TRIPLE MURDER—States’ Rights, Mississippi [1964]. Pamphlet. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (191.00.00)
• Howard Brodie (1915−2010). Senate Civil Rights Passage of Bill, Final Vote, Memory Sketch, June 19, 1964. Drawing. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (192.01.00) © Estate of Howard Brodie
• Howard Brodie. Senate before final Civil Rights vote, final day. Crayon drawing, 1964.Howard Brodie Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (192.02.00) © Estate of Howard Brodie
• Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, June 20, 1964 (Senate Letter No. 15). Typed letter. NAACP Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (193.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP
• Teleprompter feed for Lyndon Johnson’s speech at the signing ceremony of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, July 2, 1964.Courtesy of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, Austin, Texas (194.01.00)
• Remarks of the president, final draft, July 2, 1964. Facsimile. Courtesy of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, Austin, Texas (282.00.00)
• O. J. Rapp. President Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) speaks to the nation before signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, July 2, 1964. Facsimile. Courtesy of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, Austin, Texas (267.01.00)
• Lee C. White. White House Memorandum, July 6, 1964. Courtesy of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, Austin, Texas (195.02.00)
• Representative Don Edwards (D-CA), Clarence Mitchell, and Joseph Rauh. Photograph, n.d. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (259.00.00) Courtesy of the NAACP

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Immediate Impact of the Civil Rights Act

• Johnson [and] Humphrey for the USA. Poster, 1964. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (197.00.00)
• Franklin McMahon. Democratic National Convention, Lyndon B. Johnson nominated, 1964. Watercolor and graphite. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (197.01.00)
• Council of Federated Organizations. Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964. Brochure. James Forman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (198.00.00)
• [Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]. A Primer for Delegates to the Democratic National Convention Who Haven’t Heard about the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, [1964]. James Forman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (201.00.00)
• Warren K. Leffler. Fannie Lou Hamer at the Democratic National Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey, August 1964. Photographic print. U.S. News and World Report Magazine Photograph Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (203.00.00)
• U.S. Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg to U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas. Holograph Letter, December 14, 1966. William O. Douglas Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (204.00.00)
• U.S. Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg’s concurrence in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 1964. Arthur Goldberg Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (205.00.00)
• The Drama Department Howard University Players Present “Dutchman” Le Roi Jones’ Comedy Melodrama on Negro, White Relations in the North and “Sho is Hot in The Cotton Patch” Ted Shine’s Satire on Negro, White Relations in the South. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Theater Company, ca. 1968. Playbill. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (206.00.00) Courtesy of Howard University
• Randa Jo Downs to the Voices of Civil Rights Project, February 2004. Letter. Voices of Civil Rights Project Collection, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (276.00.00) Courtesy of Randa Jo Downs
• James Forman, Executive Secretary, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. [Report on the march from Selma to Montgomery], Alabama, March 7, 1965. Typescript. James Forman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (279.00.00)
• President Lyndon B. Johnson gives Dr. Martin Luther King one of the pens used in the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, in the background is Rep Claude Pepper (center) and Rev. Ralph Abernathy, August 6, 1965. New York World- Telegraph and the Sun Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (278.00.00)

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