Press Releases

In cooperation with the Office of Communications, the Music Division regularly publishes press releases about its latest activities. Past releases can be viewed below.

Those interested in staying informed can also subscribe to the Library’s International Collections blog, “In the Muse,” or follow the Performing Arts at the Library of Congress Facebook page to learn about the Music Division’s collections, new acquisitions, digital initiatives, concert series, and upcoming events.

  • August 6, 2024  (24-061)
    Library of Congress Announces Fall 2024 Concert Series Concerts from the Library of Congress continues a major, 18-month centennial celebration in the 2024-2025 season, presenting a vivid and diverse array of concerts and conversations, lectures and film screenings that range across genre and style to mark a century of extraordinary music at the nation’s library. “Our concerts reinforce our 100-year history and heritage as a significant presenter of the performing arts,” said…
    • Date: 2024-08-07
  • July 31, 2024  (24-062)
    Library Announces 2024 Music Commissions from Koussevitzky Foundation The Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation in the Library of Congress has awarded commissions for new musical works to eight composers. The commissions are granted jointly by the foundation and the performing organizations that will present the world premiere of each work.Winning composers for 2024 and the groups co-sponsoring their commissions are Andy Akiho and Sandbox Percussion; Donnacha Dennehy and F-Plus Trio; Ted Hearne and…
    • Date: 2024-08-01
  • April 24, 2024  (24-037)
    Library of Congress Acquires Collection from the Kronos Quartet The Library of Congress has acquired the collection of manuscripts, instruments, costumes, video and audio recordings, and more from the San Francisco-based Kronos Quartet and its non-profit organization, Kronos Performing Arts Association. The quartet consists of David Harrington (violin), John Sherba (violin), Hank Dutt (viola) and Paul Wiancko (cello). For 50 years, Kronos has challenged and reimagined what a string quartet can be. Founded…
    • Date: 2024-04-25
  • February 12, 2024  (24-015)
    Library of Congress Acquires Papers of Academy Award-Winning Songwriter Leslie Bricusse The Library of Congress has acquired the papers of songwriter Leslie Bricusse, best known for writing scores for the stage and film musicals, “Doctor Dolittle” (1967), with its Oscar-winning “Talk to the Animals;” collaborating with Anthony Newley on “Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory” (1971) for a score that included the No. 1 hit song, “The Candy Man” and the much-beloved “Pure Imagination;” and…
    • Date: 2024-02-13
  • December 11, 2023  (23-102)
    Library of Congress Announces Spring 2024 Concert Series Spring 2024 will see the inauguration of a landmark celebration for the 100th anniversary of the Concerts at the Library of Congress series, presenting a packed roster of 27 vibrant, exciting chamber music, jazz, dance and popular music events. Performances by the Goldmund String Quartet, the Sokolow Theatre/Dance Ensemble and cellist Seth Parker Woods open the spring concert season beginning in January. On Feb.…
    • Date: 2023-12-12
  • October 17, 2023  (23-091)
    Library Announces 2023 Music Commissions from Koussevitzky Foundation The Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation in the Library of Congress has awarded commissions for new musical works to six composers. The commissions are granted jointly by the foundation and the performing organizations that will present the world premiere of each work.Winning composers for 2023 and the groups co-sponsoring their commissions are Lembit Beecher and Ensemble Échappé; Ashkan Behzadi and Ensemble Recherche; Michael Finnissy and…
    • Date: 2023-10-18
  • October 16, 2023  (23-092)
    Materials from the Musical 'Hadestown' Added to Library of Congress Collections The Library of Congress has added rare materials from the development of the Tony Award-winning musical “Hadestown” to its collections, thanks to a donation from the show’s Tony Award-winning creator, singer-songwriter Anaïs Mitchell. Items donated by Mitchell tell the story of the show’s development, including draft lyrics written on a yellow legal pad; memorabilia including promotional posters and a postcard from the very first…
    • Date: 2023-10-17
  • August 16, 2023  (23-066)
    Library of Congress Announces Fall 2023 Concert Series Brazilian jazz pianist, composer and vocalist Eliane Elias kicks off the fall 2023 season of Concerts from the Library of Congress on Oct. 13. The series presents a diverse lineup of chamber music and jazz concerts in the Library’s Coolidge Auditorium, along with conversations with musicians and composers, educational projects, and curated displays showcasing collections from the Library’s Music Division.Events are free and open…
    • Date: 2023-08-17
  • June 13, 2023  (23-058)
    Library of Congress Acquires Music Manuscripts and Papers of Composer John Adams The Library of Congress has acquired the music manuscripts and papers of contemporary American composer, conductor and writer John Adams. Adams is known for works including the opera “Nixon in China” and concert pieces such as “Shaker Loops,” “Harmonielehre,” “Road Movies,” “Chamber Symphony” and “Short Ride in a Fast Machine.”John Coolidge Adams was born in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1947. His career has taken place…
    • Date: 2023-06-14
  • May 30, 2023  (23-055)
    Annual Summer Movies on the Lawn to Present National Film Registry Selections The Library of Congress will host its annual “Summer Movies on the Lawn” series starting July 6. The series featuring films from the Library’s National Film Registry will be presented Thursday evenings at sundown on the southeast lawn of the Library’s Thomas Jefferson Building. Music will be presented prior to each film, with live performances on July 6, July 20 and Aug. 3.The scheduled…
    • Date: 2023-05-31
  • February 8, 2023  (23-022)
    Artists to Celebrate Joni Mitchell Receiving Library of Congress Gershwin Prize Musical artists will join the national library and American leaders to honor music legend Joni Mitchell in the nation’s capital on Wednesday, March 1, as she is awarded the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song during an all-star tribute concert.The lineup will include performances by James Taylor, Brandi Carlile, Annie Lennox, Herbie Hancock, Cyndi Lauper, Marcus Mumford, Graham Nash, Diana Krall and…
    • Date: 2023-02-09
  • February 7, 2023  (23-021)
    Library Acquires Archives of Garth Fagan Dance Company The Library of Congress has acquired the papers of choreographer Garth Fagan and Garth Fagan Dance, the company founded by Fagan in 1970. Garth Fagan Dance is distinguished by the artistic imagination and polyrhythmic movement of Jamaican-born Fagan, layered with the discipline and strength of ballet training. The company has performed in more than 660 cities in 24 countries on six continents.As widely as…
    • Date: 2023-02-08
  • January 19, 2023  (23-009)
    Library of Congress Announces Spring 2023 Concert Series The Library of Congress will present a series of concerts and more this spring, with chamber music, jazz, dance and film events. Conversations with artists and composers, curated displays, and educational projects will enhance the season’s offerings and provide opportunities for encounters with the Library’s unparalleled music collections.Events are free and open to the public. Patrons can register to attend events on the Concerts…
    • Date: 2023-01-20
  • December 11, 2022  (22-110)
    Library Announces 2022 Music Commissions from Koussevitzky Foundation The Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation in the Library of Congress has awarded commissions for new musical works to seven composers. The commissions are granted jointly by the foundation and the performing organizations that will present the world premiere of each work.Winning composers for 2022 and the groups co-sponsoring their commissions are Marcos Balter and the New York New Music Ensemble; Oscar Bettison and loadbang,…
    • Date: 2022-12-12
  • September 11, 2022  (22-077)
    Library of Congress Announces Fall 2022 Concert Series Concerts from the Library of Congress will return to the historic Coolidge Auditorium for the 2022-2023 season. The fall series begins Oct. 14 with multi-instrumentalist, singer and composer Magda Giannikou and her global pop ensemble Banda Magda. The following day, the Apollon Musagète Quartet performs the Shostakovich piano quintet with pianist Garrick Ohlsson.All events are presented live in the Library’s Coolidge Auditorium, free of…
    • Date: 2022-09-12
  • May 5, 2022  (22-040)
    Concerts from the Library of Congress Presents Live Performances, Discussions in May and June Concerts from the Library of Congress is celebrating the return of live events at the Library with a rich mix of classical chamber music, Latin jazz and a panoramic outlook on new music in America. All events are presented free of charge to the public. Patrons can register to attend in-person events by visiting loc.gov/concerts. Virtual programming will be presented on loc.gov/concerts and the…
    • Date: 2022-05-06
  • April 24, 2022  (22-034)
    Library of Congress Acquires Papers of Award-Winning Playwright Neil Simon The Library of Congress has acquired the manuscripts and papers of playwright and screenwriter Neil Simon, the most commercially successful American playwright of the 20th century.The donation will be announced at a special event with actors Matthew Broderick and Sarah Jessica Parker, and Elaine Joyce Simon, actor and Simon’s widow, Monday night at the Library. The public is invited to join the event by…
    • Date: 2022-04-25
  • February 14, 2022  (22-014)
    Spring Programming Announced for 2022 Concerts from the Library of Congress The Library of Congress will present an exciting 22-event lineup of concerts, lectures, conversations with musicians and engaging educational programming in a packed spring season launching March 4. Featuring classical music, jazz and dance events, the series will offer both virtual and in-person programs.New American music is a special focus, with concerts showcasing a diverse and wide-ranging group of young American composers and the…
    • Date: 2022-02-15
  • January 12, 2022  (22-002)
    Lionel Richie to Receive the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden today announced that pop music icon Lionel Richie will be the next recipient of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. Richie will be honored with an all-star tribute concert in Washington, D.C., that will be broadcast nationally on PBS stations May 17 at 9 p.m. ET.A songwriting superstar of the first order, Richie is known for…
    • Date: 2022-01-13
  • December 7, 2021  (21-076)
    Library of Congress Announces Music Commissions from the 2021 Koussevitzky Foundation The Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation in the Library of Congress has awarded commissions for new musical works to seven composers. The commissions are granted jointly by the foundation and the performing organizations that will present the world premiere performances of the newly composed works.Winning composers for 2021 and the groups co-sponsoring their commissions are Katherine Balch and Longleash; Helen Grime and the Boston Symphony…
    • Date: 2021-12-08
  • September 8, 2021  (21-052)
    Fall Concerts from the Library Announced for the 2021-22 Season The Library of Congress has announced a full lineup of events for the fall series of the 2021-2022 “Concerts from the Library of Congress” season. The virtual events will be complemented by conversations, lectures, curator talks and educational programs that reflect the diversity of the nation’s musical heritage.Consistent with social distancing and safety protocols in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the fall series is…
    • Date: 2021-09-09
  • March 1, 2021  (21-010)
    Library of Congress Builds New Collections Documenting COVID-19 Pandemic As the world marks the one-year anniversary of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Library of Congress has been collecting materials and documenting this time in history through a variety of initiatives.The Library’s rapid-response collecting since the start of lockdowns and social distancing measures over the past year has included acquiring photographs that document the pandemic’s impact on individuals and communities, capturing artists’ responses to…
    • Date: 2021-03-02
  • February 18, 2021  (21-008)
    Library Announces Spring Concert Programming for 2020-2021 Season The Library of Congress will continue its critically acclaimed season of Concerts from the Library of Congress with an offering of virtual concerts, interviews and conversations with artists and composers, lectures, curator talks and educational programs. This spring’s events include dazzling performances and presentations in classical music, jazz and dance.Consistent with social distancing and safety protocols in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season…
    • Date: 2021-02-19
  • August 24, 2020  (20-055)
    Annual 'Concerts from the Library of Congress' Season Announced The Library of Congress will continue its longstanding tradition of displaying America’s rich and diverse musical heritage during the 2020-2021 season of “Concerts from the Library of Congress.” The upcoming season will feature conversations with artists, performances of Library-commissioned work by Michael Abels, James Lee III and Igor Santos, and a festival titled “(Re)Hearing Beethoven.”Consistent with social distancing and safety protocols in response to…
    • Date: 2020-08-25
  • May 28, 2020  (20-038)
    Library of Congress Commissions 10 New Works of Music in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic The Library of Congress will premiere a series of 10 commissions of new music from composers across America in The Boccaccio Project, inspired by a similar literary effort in the mid-14th century by Giovanni Boccaccio.The new commissions will premiere on the Library’s website and social media channels on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube on weekdays from June 15 to June 26, and the commission manuscripts…
    • Date: 2020-05-29
  • May 20, 2020  (20-037)
    Library of Congress and Portland Ovations to Present the International Contemporary Ensemble with World Premieres Live on YouTube The Library of Congress and Portland Ovations will present the International Contemporary Ensemble in the Library’s first interactive digital concert – “Aural Explorations: Farrin, Fure and Messiaen” – on Thursday, May 28, at 7 p.m. Eastern time.The concert will feature the world premiere of the Library co-commissioned composition by Suzanne Farrin titled “Nacht,” capping a season-long celebration of women composers and performers honoring the…
    • Date: 2020-05-21
  • October 1, 2019  (19-097)
    Garth Brooks to Receive the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden today announced that country music titan Garth Brooks is the next recipient of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. The multiple hall of famer is the youngest recipient of the prestigious prize.“Garth Brooks’ appeal as a performer, songwriter and humanitarian has brought many new fans into the world of country music,” said Librarian of Congress Carla…
    • Date: 2019-10-02
  • September 26, 2019  (19-094)
    Library's Koussevitzky Foundation Awards 2019 Music Commissions The Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation in the Library of Congress has awarded commissions for new musical works to four composers. The commissions are granted jointly by the foundation and the performing organizations that will present the world premiere performances of the newly composed works. Award winners and the groups co-sponsoring their commissions are Erin Gee and JACK Quartet; George E. Lewis and PUBLIQuartet; David…
    • Date: 2019-09-27
  • August 7, 2019  (19-077)
    Library of Congress Announces 2019-2020 Concert Season The Library of Congress is launching a spectacular and richly diverse 2019-2020 season with a concert by jazz icon and master pianist Chucho Valdés on Oct. 12, 2019. Marking the 95th season of the “Concerts from the Library of Congress” series is an impressive roster of more than 95 free events features classical music, jazz, pop, musical theater and dance. Concerts, lectures, film screenings…
    • Date: 2019-08-08
  • June 13, 2019  (19-065)
    Librarian of Congress Appoints Michelle Light Director of Special Collections Michelle Light, formerly director of Special Collections and Archives at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, has been named director of the Library of Congress’ Special Collections Directorate. She began work in her new position on May 28. Light’s professional career in libraries spans 26 years and includes positions of progressive responsibility: head of Special Collections Technical Services at the University of Washington; head…
    • Date: 2019-06-14
  • May 16, 2019  (19-055)
    Library Acquires Papers of Classical Soprano Jessye Norman World renowned opera singer and recitalist Jessye Norman has donated thousands of items documenting her illustrious 50-year career to the Library of Congress. The acquisition was announced on Thursday evening during a conversation with the celebrated soprano in the Coolidge Auditorium before an enthusiastic crowd. The audience listened to Norman discuss her decades-long career, her role as a trailblazer in classical music and her…
    • Date: 2019-05-17
  • April 25, 2019  (19-043)
    Summer Is Coming: "Travel Around the World" Exploring Culture And Science through Library Events This summer, the Library of Congress will bring you a host of events on a variety of topics. Concerts, lectures, film screenings, symposiums and special events all fill the public events calendar. Events will take place in the Thomas Jefferson Building (10 First Street S.E., Washington, D.C. 20540) or the James Madison Memorial Building (101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, D.C. 20540). Please note that…
    • Date: 2019-04-26
  • March 12, 2019  (19-029)
    Global Superstars Emilio and Gloria Estefan Honored in Star-Studded Gershwin Prize Tribute Celebrated international superstars Emilio and Gloria Estefan, the 2019 recipients of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, will be applauded and serenaded by some of the nation’s top artists at an all-star celebration in the nation’s capital Wednesday evening, March 13. The extraordinary roster of performers will honor the Estefens and their Cuban-infused sound at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C.The…
    • Date: 2019-03-13
  • February 20, 2019  (19-021)
    GRAMMY Award-Winning Superstar and Gershwin Prize Recipient Emilio Estefan "In Conversation with Librarian of Congress," March 11 Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden will host a conversation with world-renowned music, television and film producer Emilio Estefan on Monday, March 11 at 7:30 p.m. in the Library of Congress Coolidge Auditorium in the Thomas Jefferson Building, 10 First Street S.E., Washington, D.C.The conversation is being presented as part of the Library’s 2019 initiative Explore America’s Changemakers. You can follow and join in on…
    • Date: 2019-02-21
  • February 20, 2019  (19-021S)
    El productor internacional Emilio Estefan conversará con la Bibliotecaria del Congreso en un evento especial La Bibliotecaria del Congreso de Estados Unidos Carla Hayden participará el lunes, 11 de marzo en un conversatorio con Emilio Estefan, reconocido productor musical de origen cubano y recipiente del Premio Gershwin, sobre la industria de la música, su carrera como empresario y su apoyo a nuevos talentos.La actividad se llevará a cabo en el auditorio Coolidge, del edificio Thomas Jefferson de la Biblioteca…
    • Date: 2019-02-21
  • January 21, 2019  (19-006)
    Spring Is Coming: Symposiums and Celebrations Highlight the Library's Event Calendar This spring, the Library of Congress will bring you a host of events on a variety of topics. Concerts, lectures, film screenings, symposiums and special events all fill the public events calendar. Events will take place in the Thomas Jefferson Building (10 First Street S.E., Washington, D.C. 20540) or the James Madison Memorial Building (101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, D.C. 20540). Please note that…
    • Date: 2019-01-22
  • November 28, 2018  (18-141)
    Library Acquires Archive of Jazz Great Billy Strayhorn The Library of Congress announced today that it has acquired the original manuscripts documenting the work of composer, arranger and pianist Billy Strayhorn. An important star in the jazz firmament, Strayhorn was the source of much of the sound of the Duke Ellington Orchestra. He worked with Ellington for nearly 30 years, writing or collaborating on more than 200 tunes and arrangements for the…
    • Date: 2018-11-29
  • October 10, 2018  (18-131)
    Library's Koussevitzky Foundation Announces 2018 Commission Winners The Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation in the Library of Congress has awarded commissions for new musical works to five composers. The commissions are granted jointly by the foundation and the performing organizations that will present the world premiere performances of the newly composed works. Award winners and the groups co-sponsoring their commissions are Stefano Gervasoni and the Divertimento Ensemble of Milan, Huck Hodge and…
    • Date: 2018-10-11
  • September 23, 2018  (18-124)
    International Superstars Emilio and Gloria Estefan Named Recipients of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden today announced that husband-and-wife team Emilio and Gloria Estefan are the next recipients of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. The honorees represent two historic firsts for the prize – the first time it has been awarded to a married couple or to musicians-songwriters of Hispanic descent.The Estefans symbolize the rich cultural diversity of the American…
    • Date: 2018-09-24
  • September 23, 2018  (18-124S)
    Superestrellas internacionales Emilio y Gloria Estefan galardonados con el Premio Gershwin La Bibliotecaria del Congreso, Carla Hayden, anunció hoy que la pareja de artistas, Emilio y Gloria Estefan, será la próxima en recibir el Premio Gershwin a la canción popular de la Biblioteca del Congreso.La cadena de televisión pública, PBS (sigla en inglés), transmitirá por sus estaciones la serie de conciertos del Premio Gershwin, ganadora de un premio Emmy.El dúo Estefan simboliza la diversidad cultural…
    • Date: 2018-09-24
  • August 13, 2018  (18-099)
    Library of Congress Announces 2018-2019 Concert Season The Library of Congress launches an exciting and richly diverse 2018-2019 season of exceptional concerts, lectures, film screenings and conversations with artists and scholars, beginning Oct. 6, 2018, through June 1, 2019. The “Concerts from the Library of Congress” series presents an extraordinary selection of more than 75 free events embracing classical music, jazz, pop, dance and American musical theater and much more. The…
    • Date: 2018-08-14
  • April 9, 2018  (18-038)
    Library Launches Leonard Bernstein Centennial Celebration with Thousands of Bernstein Items Online In celebration of the 100th anniversary of Leonard Bernstein’s birth, the Library of Congress has made available online—for the first time—musical manuscripts and scrapbooks from the legendary composer’s personal and professional archives housed in the nation’s library. These digital offerings and others nearly tripled the existing content at loc.gov/collections/leonard-bernstein/about-this-collection/. The public can now access for free more than 3,700 items, including photos, writings, correspondence,…
    • Date: 2018-04-10
  • December 7, 2017  (17-176)
    Spend the Chilly Months Inside the Library of Congress This winter season, the Library will host a multitude of free programming that highlight musical genius, showcase film, open the doors of the Main Reading Room and introduces patrons to a world of knowledge and recent findings with lectures, symposiums and book talks. Winter is the perfect time for music enthusiasts to reserve their tickets for the spring “Concerts from the Library of Congress”…
    • Date: 2017-12-08
  • November 14, 2017  (17-172)
    Tony Bennett Honored in Star-Studded Gershwin Prize Tribute Celebrated performer Tony Bennett, the 2017 recipient of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, will be applauded and serenaded by some of the nation’s top artists at an all-star celebration in the nation’s capital Wednesday evening, Nov. 15. The diverse group of performers will pay homage to Bennett’s extraordinary gift as an interpreter of America’s songbook—showcasing some his most memorable songs—at…
    • Date: 2017-11-15
  • October 17, 2017  (17-147)
    Library's Koussevitzky Foundation Announces Commission Winners The Serge Koussevitzky Music Foundation in the Library of Congress has awarded commissions for new musical works to six composers. The commissions are granted jointly by the foundation and the performing organizations that will present performances of the newly composed works.Award winners and the groups co-sponsoring their commissions are Jérôme Combier and Argento New Music Project, Georg Friedrich Haas and Third Coast Percussion, Yotam…
    • Date: 2017-10-18
  • September 10, 2017  (17-118)
    Autumn Events at the Library of Congress The Library of Congress will host an array of programming this fall season that celebrates Hispanic Heritage Month, welcomes a new poet laureate and introduces new ways to experience the nation’s library through author talks, tours and online offerings. After opening with a spectacular 2017 National Book Festival, the Library is following up with a commemoration of Hispanic Heritage Month, beginning Sept. 15 with…
    • Date: 2017-09-11
  • September 5, 2017  (17-122)
    Main Reading Room Open House and Other Activities Twice each year, the Library of Congress opens its magnificent Main Reading Room to share information about how the public can access the Library’s resources year-round. The Main Reading Room will be open to the public on the federal Columbus Day holiday, Monday, Oct. 9, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The Main Reading Room is located on the first floor of the Library’s…
    • Date: 2017-09-06
  • August 15, 2017  (17-114)
    Library of Congress Announces 2017-2018 Concert Season The Library of Congress kicks off its 2017-2018 concert season with a terrific pair of back-to-back concerts. On October 18, the contemporary music super-group Ensemble Signal performs works by pioneering minimalist composer Steve Reich in a concert presented in collaboration with Washington Performing Arts. Hailing from the vibrant Los Angeles music scene, the Grammy® Award-winning band La Santa Cecilia on October 19 brings to…
    • Date: 2017-08-16
  • July 26, 2017  (17-104)
    Library of Congress Junior Fellows Display Collection Treasures The Library of Congress Junior Fellows Summer Interns yesterday presented more than150 rare and unique items from 15 Library divisions. “Display Day” was open to the public for the first time since the program’s inauguration in 1991.The display provides the opportunity for fellows to discuss the historic significance of the collection items they have researched and processed during their 10-week internships. Examples included:An early…
    • Date: 2017-07-27
  • June 19, 2017  (17-089)
    Librarian of Congress Names Tony Bennett Next Recipient of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden today announced that Tony Bennett is the next recipient of the Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song.Tony Bennett is not just an artist for the ages, but an artist for all ages. His interpretations and re-interpretations have introduced new generations to the Great American Songbook. He is one of a handful of artists to have new albums…
    • Date: 2017-06-20